Читать книгу Automation of Water Resource Recovery Facilities - Water Environment Federation - Страница 7

2.1 Performance comparison for a WRRF with manual and automatic SRT process control

2.2 Risk analysis example

3.1 Typical automation project execution

3.2 Ability to influence construction costs over time

4.1 Example of a P&ID

4.2 Example of a PFD

4.3 Process and instrumentation diagram legend and symbol drawing

4.4 Example of a control system architecture diagram

7.1 Information flow in a process

7.2 An example of information flow in feedback process control

7.3 A first-order system and the response curve for a change in input concentration from 0.0 to 1.

7.4 An example of a second-order system and a response curve for a change in input concentration from 0.0 to 1.0

7.5 Model predictive control strategy

7.6 Components of a back propagation ANN model

7.7 Functions of a neural network node

7.8 Artificial neural network model without feedback

7.9 Artificial neural network model with feedback

7.10 Lead–lag control

7.11 Flow-proportional control of chlorination

7.12 Chlorine residual feedback control of chlorination

7.13 Flow/residual compound control of chlorination

7.14 Instrument ranges and control bands in dechlorination control

7.15 Typical time delays in dechlorination control

7.16 Flow and residual feed-forward control of dechlorination

7.17 Compound control for dechlorination

7.18 Two-step feed control of dechlorination

8.1 Error as a function of span or reading

8.2 Overview of test

8.3 Proper configuration for sampling lines

8.4 Positioning of a sampling line in a pipe

8.5 Analog vs digital data transmission to SCADA

8.6 Ethernet connections

9.1 Faraday’s principle of electromagnetic induction

9.2 Magnetic flow meter grounding

9.3 Transit time ultrasonic flow meter

9.4 Doppler ultrasonic flow meter

9.5 Weir shapes

9.6 Shape and sections of a Parshall flume

9.7 Head relationship for free flow

9.8 Pitot tube piping requirements

9.9 Typical full-body Venturi

9.10 Turbine flow meter recommended piping installation

9.11 The Coriolis forces produced at the measuring tubes cause a phase shift in the oscillation of the tube

9.12 Schematic of open tank bubbler application

9.13 Capacitance probe electrical equivalent

9.14 Differential-pressure wet-leg level system

9.15 Typical ultrasonic level transducer mounting

9.16 An example of a guided-wave radar probe

9.17 Conventional galvanic measuring cell

9.18 Clark polarographic measuring cell

9.19 Ross polarographic measuring cell

9.20 Luminescent dissolved oxygen sensor

9.21 Relationship between pH, temperature OCL, and HOCL

9.22 DPD—chlorine reaction products

9.23 Equivalent electric circuit of pH sensor

9.24 Effects of temperature on asymmetrical potential

9.25 Operating principle of an IsFET sensor

9.26 ORP tracking nitrification and denitrification in SBR

9.27 Comparisons of two ORP electrodes

9.28 A diagram of a streaming current monitor unit

9.29 Double diffuse layer and zeta potential

9.30 Fractions of nitrogen

9.31 Fractions of phosphorus

9.32 Fractions of TOC

9.33 Flow path for typical HTC analyzer

9.34 Flow path of a typical heated persulfate UV analyzer

9.35 Ultraviolet spectra of humic and tannic acids

9.36 Typical fixed-wavelength sensor configuration

9.37 Typical spectra from a scanning-type UV-vis optical sensor

9.38 Example of one type of scanning photometer configuration

9.39 Typical installation for a high-temperature TOC analyzer, including a sample preparation or processor, the analyzer, and gas and water supply

9.40 Biochemical oxygen demand analyzer

9.41 Typical installation of a dichromate, colorimetric analyzer and filter assembly

9.42 Illustration of how backscattered light principle instrument works

9.43 Sludge core sampler

9.44 White light turbidity method

9.45 Near-infrared turbidity method

9.46 Force, couple, dynamic, and overhung rotor unbalances

10.1 Components of a final control element

10.2 A comparison of traditional and digital controls

10.3 Control valve characteristics

10.4 Types of valves

10.5 Solenoid valve

10.6 Types of pumps

10.7 Types of electric motors

10.8 Three-phase starter

11.1 Communications are found throughout automation systems between a wide range of device and system types

11.2 Digital communications technology now allows for direct connection of I/O devices to higher-level systems, in addition to PLCs using Ethernet and other fieldbus technologies, to provide device health and diagnostic information and I/O state data

11.3 The RJ-45 connector

11.4 Typical DB-9 serial male connector

11.5 The three layers that make up many types of communications networks

11.6 Example serial communications network, including RS-232 and RS-422 networks

11.7 Example connection to a proprietary PLC network. Notice the network interface card required in the HMI or SCADA system computer

11.8 Ethernet encapsulation allows serial devices to communicate over Ethernet using cost-effective Ethernet/serial convertors when paired with OPC server software that supports Ethernet encapsulation

11.9 Example of enabling Ethernet encapsulation in an OPC server

11.10 Variable-speed drives and PLCs connected using Ethernet encapsulation

11.11 Example architecture using an Ethernet/proprietary network bridge

11.12 Configuring an OPC server to communicate through a Modbus TCP to Modbus Plus Bridge

11.13 Device protocol diagnostics screen in an OPC server

11.14 PortMon serial port monitoring utility

11.15 Example OPC server application configuration to monitor network switch port bandwidth use

11.16 Network monitoring and troubleshooting application designed for use by control and automation engineers

11.17 Example of an OPC server application that can be configured to read computer system health indicators, notify of problems via e-mail, and deliver the same information to HMI or SCADA screens

11.18 Example of a manufacturer’s embedded Web page

11.19 Example of configuring redundancy for devices and network media in an OPC server

11.20 Device connectivity without OPC requires each application vendor to write his or her own drivers to talk to each device brand

11.21 Using OPC for device communications separates communications details from the application

11.22 Example OPC server software user interface

11.23 Example OPC client software user interface

11.24 Browser-based HMI example

12.1 Basic process for implementing a comprehensive cyber security program

12.2 Flowchart of the recommended steps for risk mitigation

12.3 Example network architecture that shows how a typical network can be designed with built-in “defense-in-depth”

13.1 Situational awareness

13.2 Panels designed for human interaction

13.3 Alarm states

13.4 Issues to consider when determining control panel locations

13.5 Mobile HMI displays

13.6 Example of a console configuration with defined operator stations and various-sized displays for HMI monitoring and control. Use of stackable displays should be carefully evaluated

13.7 Example of a console arrangement in a control and server room layout

13.8 Overview treatment facility HMI graphic using P&ID display approach

13.9 Human–machine interface graphic using three-dimensional design approach for a scrubber system showing process and detail displays

13.10 A partial HMI display hierarchy showing typical tiers of information display at a WRRF

13.11 Example of a process detail display for a chlorination system using the next generation design method

13.12 Example of data using a digital (a) vs an analog (b) method of display

13.13 Example of a moving analog indicator with optional enhancements

13.14 Example of a trend using roadmap

13.15 Examples of a profile display and pattern recognition object radar plot

13.16 Alarm priority distribution graph—best practice vs actual

13.17 Human–machine interface priority alarming methods

13.18 Benchmarking the alarm system—alarming rates exceed operator handling capability

14.1 The scan cycle of a PLC

14.2 Allen-Bradley ControlLogix Analog Output Module, 1756-OF4

14.3 Analog input scaling block

14.4 Fine-screen slide gates—control narrative example

15.1 Maintenance progression

15.2 Maintenance work flow diagram

15.3 Calibration curve for laboratory reference dissolved oxygen probe

15.4 Graph comparing field and references dissolved oxygen probes

15.5 Percent recovery control chart for laboratory reference probe

15.6 Shewhart control chart for aeration basin no. 1 dissolved oxygen probe

16.1 Dick and Cary Systems Approach Model

16.2 Viable training development model

16.3 On-the-job training sample task sheet

16.4 Sample training module

16.5 Training module design