Читать книгу Mandarin Chinese for Beginners - Yi Ren - Страница 11
ОглавлениеCHAPTER 3
第三章
Dì sān zhāng
Getting Together 聚会 Jù huì
There will be an annual holiday event at Lily’s husband’s company. Lily and her husband invite Jack to go with them to the event. Jack is excited about having a chance to meet more people.
In this chapter, you will learn how to say the names of different countries and nationalities in Chinese. You also will learn a bit about China’s many ethnic groups. You can add to your idiom collection some new phrases related to friendship, and enjoy another well-known Tang poem. Plus, we will discuss some mistakes you’ll want to avoid if you go to China.
Are you ready? Here we go!
Listen carefully to the audio for New Words 1. Next, read along with me as I pronounce each word or phrase, then repeat it during the pauses provided. When you finish practicing the New Words, listen to the conversation in Dialog 1, and then follow along to practice speaking these sentences yourself.
In this dialog, you will notice there are not many new words. Let’s begin!
Dialog 1 第一节
Lily:This is my friend, Jack.
Zhè shì wǒ de péng yǒu Jié kè.
这 是 我的 朋 友 杰克。
Zhang:Hello! My name is Zhang Xiao yuan.
Nǐ hǎo, wǒ jiào Zhāng Xiǎo yuán.
你好, 我 叫 张 小 源。
Jack:It’s nice to meet you.
Rèn shí nǐ hěn gāo xìng.
认 识你很 高 兴。
Zhang:Same here. This is my business card.
Wǒ yě shì. Zhè shì wǒ de míng piàn.
我也是。这 是 我 的 名 片。
Jack:Thank you! Do you work for a joint venture company?
Xiè xie! Nǐ zài hé zī gōng sī gōng zuò?
谢 谢! 你在合资 公 司 工 作？
Zhang:Yes, it’s a Canadian-Chinese joint venture company.
Shì de, shì jiā ná dà hé zhōng guó de hé zī gōng sī.
是的,是加拿大和 中 国 的合资 公 司。
New Words 1 生词
| 聚会 jù huì | get together |
| 张 Zhāng | Zhang (last name) |
| 小源 Xiǎo yuán | Xiao Yuan (first name) |
| 名片 míng piàn | business card |
| 合资 hé zī | joint venture |
| 公司 gōng sī | company |
| 工作 gōng zuò | work |
| 加拿大 jiā ná dà | Canada |
| 加拿大的/加拿大人 jiā ná dà de/jiā ná dà rén | Canadian |
Notes 注 释
➊ In Chinese, there are some duplicated verbs; 谢谢 xiè xie is one that you have already learned. When you pronounce these duplicated words, the tones of the two words are different. The tone of the second word is always a neutral tone. You will see more duplicated verbs later on, in other chapters.
➋ Like verbs, nouns also can be duplicated. Some people like to choose duplicated nouns as first names or nicknames for their children. For example, Lily calls her daughter “Máo mao.” “Mao” is a noun here, and “Máo mao” as a nickname has a cute ring to it. The Chinese version of Lily is “Lì li” which is a very popular first name among Chinese women.
Useful Sentences 实 用 句 型
These sentences from the dialog are good ones to remember. They are especially handy during your social or business activities in China.
Zhè shì wǒ de míng piàn.
这 是我的 名 片。(This is my business card.)
Nǐ zài hé zī gōng sī gōng zuò?
你 在 合资 公 司 工 作?
(Do you work for a joint venture company?)
Zhè shì jiā ná dà hé zhōng guó de hé zī gōng sī.
这 是加拿大和 中 国 的合资 公 司。
(This is a Canadian–Chinese joint venture company.)
Extend Your Vocabulary 词 汇 扩 展
It’s useful to be able to ask people where they are from, so you’ll probably want to be able to pronounce other countries’ names in Chinese. Some are listed here.
| měi guó美国America | ào dà lì yà澳大利亚Australia | yīng guó英国Britain | zhōng guó中国China | fǎ guó法国France |
| dé guó德国Germany | yìn dù印度India | yì dà lì意大利Italy | rì běn日本Japan | xīn xī lán新西兰New Zealand |
You have learned some sentences for basic communication at a business event, along with some countries’ names. Good work. Now you’ll continue to learn more about how to introduce one another and discuss nationalities.
Listen to New Words 2 on the audio. Then read along with me, and repeat in the pauses provided. When you are familiar with all the new words, listen to Dialog 2, then follow along to speak each sentence of it. Once you feel comfortable with Dialog 2, move on to the Notes.
Dialog 2 第二节
Peter:Hello! I’m Peter.
Nǐ hǎo! Wǒ shì Bǐ dé.
你好！我 是彼得。
Ling Zi:I’m Ling Zi. It’s nice to meet you.
Wǒ shì Líng zǐ. Rèn shí nǐ hěn gāo xìng.
我 是 玲 子。认 识你 很 高 兴。
Peter:Same here.
Wǒ yě shì.
我也是。
Ling Zi:Are you American?
Nǐ shì měi guó rén ma?
你是 美 国 人 吗?
Peter:No, I’m not. I’m British. How about you?
Bú shì. Wǒ shì yīng guó rén, nǐ ne?
不 是。我 是 英 国 人,你呢?
Ling Zi:I’m Japanese.
Wǒ shì rì běn rén.
我 是日本 人。
Peter:Really? You look Chinese.
Zhēn de ma? Nǐ hěn xiàng zhōng guó rén.
真 的吗? 你 很 像 中 国 人。
Ling Zi:Many people say that.
Hěn duō rén dōu zhè me shuō.
很 多 人 都 这 么 说。
New Words 2 生词
| 彼得 Bǐ dé | Peter (first name) |
| 玲子 Líng zǐ | Ling Zi (first name) |
| 美国人 měi guó rén | American |
| 英国 yīng guó | England/Britain |
| 英国人 yīng guó rén | English/British |
| 日本 rì běn | Japan |
| 日本人 rì běn rén | Japanese |
| 真的 zhēn de | really |
| 像 xiàng | look like |
| 中国人 zhōng guó rén | Chinese |
| 这么说 zhè me shuō | say the same |
| 都 dōu | all |
Notes 注 释
➊ The verb 是 shì means “to be/yes” in English. Shì is often used with other words or phrases to form a sentence. Most of the time shì emphasizes a specific element in a sentence. Look at this example: 他是美国人 Tā shì měi guó rén (He is American). Here 是 shì means “to be” rather than “yes.” It functions as a verb required to form a complete sentence. To change your sentence to mean the opposite, you need to add 不 bú before 是 shì to form 不是 bú shì—which is literally equivalent to “be not” in English. For instance: 他不是美国人 Tā bú shì měi guó rén (He is not American).
➋ 你叫什么名字？Nǐ jiào shén me míng zi? means “What is your name?” It is a casual way to ask. To ask the name of an elderly person or to ask a person’s name at a formal occasion, people usually say 您贵姓 Nín guì xìng? (it means “What is your honorable family name?”) to show politeness and respect.
Useful Sentences 实 用 句 型
Work on practicing these sentences until you can remember them by heart.
Nǐ shì yīng guó rén ma?
你是 英 国 人 吗? (Are you British?)
Bú shì, wǒ shì fǎ guó rén.
不是,我是法国 人。(No, I’m not. I’m French.)
Hěn duō rén dōu zhè me shuō.
很 多 人 都 这 么 说。(Many people say the same.)
Extend Your Vocabulary 词 汇 扩 展
Now you’re about to learn even more nationalities and regions in Chinese.
| měi guó rén美国人American | ào dà lì yà rén澳大利亚人Australian | yīng guó rén英国人British | jiā ná dà rén加拿大人Canadian |
| fǎ guó rén法国人French | rì běn rén日本人Japanese | fēi zhōu rén非洲人African | yà zhōu rén亚洲人Asian |
Practice and Review 练 习 与 复 习
Let’s check your understanding of what you have learned so far. Work through the following exercises. When you finish, compare your work with the Answer Key, available online
A. Substitutions 替换练习
This is where you practice how to use the words in the section Extend Your Vocabulary. The numbered sentences are basic sentences which are followed by a few extended sentences (underneath) containing the words present in Extend Your Vocabulary and some words you’ve learned in earlier chapters.
Wǒ zài měi guó gōng sī gōng zuò.
1. 我 在 美 国 公 司 工 作。
Wǒ zài yīng guó gōng zuò.
我 在 英 国 工 作。
Tā zài ào dà lì yà ma?
他 在澳大利亚 吗？
Tā zài hé zī gōng sī gōng zuò.
她 在 合资 公 司 工 作。
Tā shì fǎ guó rén.
2. 他是法国 人。
Tā bú shì měi guó rén.
他不 是 美 国 人。
Wǒ shì yīng guó rén.
我 是 英 国 人。
Nǐ shì jiā ná dà rén.
你是加拿大 人。
B. Connect the Sentences 选择连线
Connect each sentence with the correct pinyin.
| 1) Are you American? | a) Tā bú shì yīng guó rén |
| 2) I’m from India. | b) Nǐ shì měi guó rén ma |
| 3) He is not British. | c) Wǒ cóng yìn dù lái |
| 4) She’s from Beijing. | d) Tā cóng běi jīng lái |
C. See Pictures and Speak Chinese 看图说中文
This will probably be easy for you. Try it!
zhōng guó 中 国
měi guó 美 国
yīng guó 英 国
dé guó 德 国
fǎ guó 法 国
D. Use Pinyin to Make Sentences 用拼音造句案
For each phrase, add Chinese words you know to make a complete sentence. See how many different sentences you can say for each line!
Example: I am American. _______ Wǒ shì měi guó rén.
1) He is _________________________________
Tā shì_________________________________
2) She is not _________________________________
Tā bú shì _________________________________
3) Are you _________________________________?
Ní shì _________________________________ ma?
4) I am not _________________________________
Wǒ bú shì_________________________________
Tips
Chinese Cultural Tips 中 文花絮
About China’s Minorities
China has fifty-six ethnic groups officially recognized by the government. The largest group is Han, which constitutes around 90% of the total population. Some of the minority groups include Zhuang, Man, Hui, Miao, Uighurs, Yi, Tu Jia, Mongols, Tibetans, Koreans, Bai and Sa Ni, and many more. The population of the minority groups has grown faster than that of the Han, especially since 1980. This is because minority Chinese do not have to follow the one-child policy, while Han Chinese do. However, since 2017, the Chinese government stopped the one-child policy and allows families to have a second child. Most of the minority groups’ people live in the southwest and northwest parts of China, although most of the minority Koreans live in the northeast area of China.
Most ethnic groups have their own traditions and customs, spoken languages, holidays and celebrations. Their foods and eating habits, clothes, songs and dances also differ from those of the Han. The arts are distinctive too. For example, some minority groups living in the southwest are famed for their batik skills, 蜡染 là rǎn in Chinese. Their beautifully dyed cloth features unique designs and colors, and is used to make products ranging from clothes to bags to tablecloths. Most have very bright colors, but in the Gui Zhou area, batik cloths are blue and white. Why? It’s because Gui Zhou produces a special “blue grass” that’s used to make their unique blue dye.
There have been many Chinese movies about Chinese minorities. Among them, “刘三姐 Liú sān jiě,” “阿诗玛 Ā shī mǎ,” “五朵金花 Wǔ duō jīn huā,” and “冰山上的来客 Bīng shān shàng de lái kè” are especially well-known. These movies described some of their love stories and cultures, and were widely popular when they were produced before the Cultural Revolution (1966–1976). In fact, some of the songs from these movies are still very popular in China now, and some are available with English subtitles.
For Your Enjoyment
Commonly heard in China, these two idioms and a line from a poem describe friendship in different ways. Enjoy them.
志同道合 Zhì tóng dào hé (an idiom): To have the same ambitions, ideas, and interests.
情同手足 Qíng tóng shǒu zú (an idiom): Two people as close as hands and feet.
海内存知己，天涯若比邻 Hǎi nèi cún zhī jǐ, tiān yá ruò bǐ lín (from a poem): Even when far from each other, true friends’ deep understanding of each other brings a distant land closer.
Here is a well-known Tang (618–907) poem. Chinese often cite the last two sentences to encourage young people or friends.
ASCENDING THE STORK TOWER
by Wang Zhi Huan
The dimming sun sags into the far peaks;
The Yellow River glides into the Bohai Sea. . . .
I yearn to climb to a higher story, and exhaust my eyes
In gazing out over a thousand li.*
| Dēng guàn què lóu登 鸛 雀 樓 | ||||
| Wáng Zhī Huàn王 之 渙 | ||||
| Bái | rì | yī | shān | jìn, |
| 白 | 日 | 依 | 山 | 盡， |
| huáng | hé | rù | hǎi | liú. |
| 黃 | 河 | 入 | 海 | 流。 |
| Yù | qióng | qiān | lǐ | mù, |
| 欲 | 窮 | 千 | 里 | 目， |
| gèng | shàng | yī | céng | lóu. |
| 更 | 上 | 一 | 層 | 樓。 |
* li = a half kilometer
Suggestions
As in most western countries, when people get together or attend a party in China, they often like to share drinks. Long ago, wine wasn’t popular in China. Chinese preferred to drink liquors, normally called 白酒 bái jiǔ in Chinese. But since China opened its doors to the western world, western-style wines, both red and white, have also been welcomed by Chinese, especially by the younger generation. White wine should, strictly speaking, be translated into Chinese as 白葡萄酒 bái pú táo jiǔ. But more often, for convenience, Chinese just use the shortened term “白酒 bái jiǔ” to order white wine, instead of saying 白葡萄酒 bái pú táo jiǔ. As a foreigner in China, you need to know the difference between 白葡萄酒 bái pú táo jiǔ and 白酒 bái jiǔ. If you don’t want to drink Chinese liquor, the literal “白酒 bái jiǔ,” at an event, a party or a restaurant, you need to make sure that your order for wine is clear…it is safest to say “I would like to have a glass of 白葡萄酒 bái pú táo jiǔ.”
On Chinese New Year (or The Spring Festival, which is the term Chinese people prefer to use), if you are invited to a Chinese friend’s home, you not only need to bring a present to the family, but if you want to follow Chinese tradition you also need to buy some small red envelopes, put some money inside and bring them with you—especially if you’re visiting a household that has young children. This gift is a long-held Chinese tradition, one that’s been passed from generation to generation. At Chinese New Year, parents will give each of their unmarried children a small red envelope with some money. This is called 给红包 gěi hóng bāo. The money itself is called 压岁钱 yā suì qián, and represents parents’ hopes for their children to be happy, healthy, and safe in the upcoming year.
Do You Know?
➊ Who was the first person to sail overseas in Chinese history? And when?
➋ Who was the first student from China to graduate from an Ivy League university? When—and which university was it?
See you later!
