Читать книгу Mandarin Chinese for Beginners - Yi Ren - Страница 9
ОглавлениеCHAPTER 1
第一章
Dì yī zhāng
Greetings 问候 Wèn hòu
This is Jack’s first time in Beijing. He is working in China as a representative of an American company. Jack met Lily two years ago when she was a visiting scholar in the United States. Now Lily is a professor at a university in Beijing. They have not seen each other for two years. One Friday afternoon, Jack comes to Lily’s house to visit her.
In this chapter, you will learn how to greet people in Chinese. You also will learn useful sentences, ways to extend your vocabulary (yes, already!), a saying by Confucius, idioms, a well-known Chinese poem, and interesting Chinese culture tips.
Let’s start!
Turn on your audio and listen to the list on the right: New Words 1. Then follow along with me to read each word, and repeat it during the pauses provided. Pay carefully attention to the tones, please.
Okay, are you ready to move on to Dialog 1? Listen to each sentence of the dialog as you read along. Then, join us as we repeat the dialog. You can practice as much as you want. It may take a few times before you start to feel comfortable with saying the dialog sentences!
Dialog 1 第一节
Jack:Excuse me, is Lily home?
Qǐng wèn, Lì li zài jiā ma?
请 问, 丽丽在家吗？
Lily:Yes. Please come in!
Zài, qǐng jìn!
在, 请 进！
Jack:Hello, Lily!
Nǐ hǎo, Lì li!
你 好, 丽丽！
Lily:Hello, Jack!
Nǐ hǎo, Jié kè!
你 好, 杰克！
Jack:I haven’t seen you for a long time. How are you?
Hǎo jiǔ bú jiàn, nǐ hǎo ma?
好 久 不 见, 你 好 吗？
Lily:I’m fine, how about you?
Wǒ hěn hǎo, nǐ ne?
我 很 好, 你呢？
Jack:I’m fine, too.
Wǒ yě hěn hǎo.
我 也 很 好。
New Words 1 生词
| 问候 wèn hòu | greeting |
| 请 qǐng | please |
| 问 wèn | ask |
| 丽丽 Lì li | Lily |
| 在 zài | in |
| 家 jiā | home |
| 吗 ma | interrogative particle |
| 进 jìn | come in |
| 你 nǐ | you |
| 好 hǎo | good |
| 你好 nǐ hǎo | hello |
| 杰克 Jié kè | Jack |
| 好久 hǎo jiǔ | long time |
| 不 bú | no, not |
| 见 jiàn | see |
| 我 wǒ | I |
| 很 hěn | very |
| 呢 ne | interrogative particle |
| 也 yě | also |
Notes 注 释
➊ You may have noticed that sometimes the definitions of words in the “New Words” list are slightly different from the words’ meanings as they’re translated in the dialog. For instance, the word 很好 hěn hǎo means “very good” in English, but it means “I am fine” in the context of the dialog. You’ll want to keep this fact—typical of most languages—in mind as you study the vocabulary.
➋ The word 吗 ma is a particle commonly used at the end of a sentence to convert the sentence into a yes/no question; it doesn’t need to be translated into English.
➌ 呢 Ne is another particle that’s added at the end of the sentence. It’s frequently used to ask a question related to a conversation. Look at the dialog again. Jack asks Lily: “好久不见, 你好吗? Hǎo jiǔ bú jiàn, nǐ hǎo ma?” Lily replies: “我很好, 你呢? Wǒ hěn hǎo, nǐ ne?” Here, 你呢 nǐ ne means “How are you (Jack) doing?”
Useful Sentences 实 用 句 型
Here are some short and easy sentences from the dialog that are used routinely in China. Practice them so that you’ll be ready to use them whenever the right situation comes up.
Qǐng jìn!
请 进! (Please come in!)
Nǐ hǎo ma?
你好 吗? (How are you?)
Wǒ hěn hǎo.
我 很 好。(I’m fine.)
Wǒ yě hěn hǎo.
我也 很 好。(I’m fine, too.)
Extend Your Vocabulary 词 汇 扩 展
In Dialog 1, Lily and Jack use the word 好 hǎo several times. When the word 好 hǎo is used in conjunction with other words, the intensity of the meaning changes. Here are three samples. Later, in the Substitutions section of Practice and Review, there are exercises to help you learn how to use these words.
| fēi cháng hǎo非常好very good | tài hǎo le太好了wonderful | hǎo jí le好极了great |
You have learned how greetings work when people meet each other. But what are they supposed to say and to do next?
Listen to the audio for New Words 2, and then read them with me. As usual, you need to pay attention to the tone of each word. After finishing the new words, listen to Dialog 2, and then follow along with me to repeat these sentences. When you feel satisfied with your performance, move on to Notes.
Dialog 2 第二节
Lily:Please sit down! Have you had your meal yet?
Qǐng zuò! Nǐ chī le ma?
请 坐! 你 吃了 吗?
Jack:Yes, I have.
Wǒ chī le.
我 吃了。
Lily:Would you like to have some tea or coffee?
Nǐ hē chá hái shì kā fēi?
你喝 茶 还 是 咖啡？
Jack:I would like to have some tea.
Wǒ hē chá.
我 喝 茶。
Lily:Please enjoy your tea.
Qǐng hē chá.
请 喝 茶。
Jack:Thank you!
Xiè xie!
谢 谢!
Lily:You’re welcome.
Bú kè qì.
不 客气。
New Words 2 生词
| 坐 zuò | sit down |
| 吃 chī | eat |
| 吃了 chī le | ate |
| 喝 hē | drink |
| 茶 chá | tea |
| 还是 hái shì | or |
| 咖啡 kā fēi | coffee |
| 谢谢 xiè xie | thank you |
| 不客气 bú kè qì | you’re welcome |
Notes 注 释
➊ “Please,” a common polite word, is frequently used in English. And its Chinese synonym, 请 qǐng, is also quite often spoken by Chinese. 请 Qǐng is used in all polite requests in Chinese. Usually, a second verb follows the word 请 qǐng. As you see in the dialog, zuò and hē are verbs put after “qǐng”: 请坐 qǐng zuò (please sit down), 请喝 qǐng hē (please have a drink). You will learn more in Extend Your Vocabulary.
➋ Note that Chinese verbs don’t have different tenses. Instead, other ancillary words are added together with the verb to express the different verb tense. For example, the verb “eat” equates to “吃 chī” which is the present tense, but “ate” would be “吃了 chī le” which is the past tense. You can see that 了 le is an ancillary word.
Useful Sentences 实 用 句 型
Here are key sentences from the dialog that you’ll want to memorize. They will be especially useful in your daily conversations.
Qǐng zuò!
请 坐! (Please sit down!)
Qǐng hē chá.
请 喝 茶。(Please have some tea.)
Nǐ chī le ma?
你吃了吗? (Have you had your meal yet?)
Extend Your Vocabulary 词 汇 扩 展
Here, we’ll learn a few more phrases related to 请 qǐng, because 请 qǐng is a word that people use almost every day. You may want to practice these with your family, friends or colleagues.
| Qǐng kàn请看Please look | Qǐng tīng请听Please listen | Qǐng dú请读Please read | Qǐng shuō请说Please speak |
Practice and Review 练 习 与 复 习
Now let’s check your understanding of what you have learned so far. Work through the following exercises. When you finish, compare your work with the Answer Key, available online.
A. Substitutions 替换练习
How do you use the words in the section Extend Your Vocabulary? I will show you here. The numbered sentences are basic sentences which are followed by a few extended sentences containing the words we looked at in Extend Your Vocabulary and (as we move further along) some words you will have learned in earlier chapters. Go ahead and give it a try!
Wǒ hěn hǎo.
1. 我 很好。
Lì li fēi cháng hǎo.
丽丽非 常 好。
Jié kè hǎo jí le!
杰克 好极了!
Nǐ tài hǎo le!
你太 好 了!
Qǐng jìn!
2. 请 进!
Qǐng kàn!
请 看!
Qǐng tīng!
请 听!
Qǐng dú!
请 读!
Qǐng shuō!
请 说!
B. Circle the Right Answer 选择正确答案
Circle the choice that best fits with the sentence.
Nǐ hǎo ma?
1) 你好 吗？
| Qǐng jìn | Wǒ hěn hǎo | Wǒ chī le | Qǐng hē chá | ||||
| A. | 请 进 | B. | 我 很 好 | C. | 我 吃了 | D. | 请 喝 茶 |
Xiè xie!
2) 谢 谢!
| Kā fēi | Bú kè qì | Qǐng zuò | Qǐng kàn | ||||
| A. | 咖 啡 | B. | 不客气 | C. | 请 坐 | D. | 请 看 |
C. Connect the Sentences 选择连线
Connect each sentence with the correct pinyin.
| 1) Hello! | a) Qǐng jìn |
| 2) Come in, please! | b) Bú kè qì |
| 3) Thank you! | c) Nǐ hǎo |
| 4) You’re welcome. | d) Xiè xie |
D. Translate 翻译
Translate the following sentences into pinyin.
Example: Have you had your meal? ______ Nǐ chī le ma?
1) Please come in!
2) Please sit down!
3) How are you?
4) I’m fine, how about you?
5) Thank you!
6) You’re welcome!
Check your answers in the Answer Key, available online. How did you do? If your answers are perfect, fantastic! If you made some mistakes, that’s perfectly normal. Just make sure that you understand why you were wrong before you continue to the next chapter. There, we’ll be moving on to something even more fun…meeting new people.
Tips
Chinese Cultural Tips 中 文花絮
“Have You Eaten?” Chinese Greeting Customs
In China, a handshake is a common form of greeting when people meet for the first time. At the same time, people will say “你好 Nǐ hǎo” (Hello, a normal form) or “您好 Nín hǎo” (Hello, a respectful form). Among Chinese, people normally also say to each other: “你吃了吗 Nǐ chī le ma?” (Have you had your meal yet?), especially when they meet around the time of breakfast, lunch, or dinner. Generally speaking, this is a polite expression rather than a literal offering of a meal.
Although embracing, hugging, or kissing on the cheek is a typical way of greeting in the west, most Chinese don’t feel comfortable using these greeting forms when they meet (although some Chinese use these forms for people they know really well). It is safe to just shake hands, smile, and say hello as you greet people in China.
When people meet, they need to call each other something, right? Chinese like to use a title in order to show their respect. The title is usually put after the person’s last name, such as 李老师 Lǐ lǎo shī (Teacher Li), 吴主席 Wú zhǔ xí (Chairman Wu), or 刘经理 Liú jīng lǐ (Manager Liu). People also use, before their last names, 老 lǎo for people older than themselves or 小 xiǎo for people younger than themselves. For instance, for their colleague, friend, or neighbor named Li, people would say “老李 Lǎo Lǐ” or “小李 Xiǎo Lǐ.”
In China and East Asia in particular, the exchange of business cards is very common protocol for people who meet for the first time at conferences, banquets or other relatively formal occasions. When you go to China, in order to leave a good impression, prepare a two-sided business card to take along that’s printed with English on one side and Chinese on the other side. And to show your respect, use both hands to deliver or accept business cards.
For Your Enjoyment
In Chinese culture, people frequently quote idioms, proverbs, sayings, and lines from poems in their conversations, speeches, and articles. Foreign visitors will often hear or read these when they are in China. Here are three related to this chapter’s topic of greetings.
有朋自远方来, 不亦乐乎 Yǒu péng zì yuǎn fāng lái, bú yì lè hū (a saying): It is a great pleasure to greet friends coming from faraway places. —Kǒng Zǐ (Confucius)
一见如故 Yī jiàn rú gù (an idiom): To feel like old friends upon meeting for the first time.
久仰大名 Jiǔ yǎng dà míng (an idiom): I’ve heard your name for a long time. (Chinese often say this phrase when they meet a famous person.)
Today many people like Jack come to China for travel, work, study or doing business. And of course sometimes they feel homesick. Here is a famous Chinese poem in which the poet, Li Bai, described his feeling of missing his hometown.
Li Bai, also called Li Po, lived from 701–762 and is a very well-known poet of the Tang Dynasty (618–907). He wrote over 900 poems in his life. Most of these poems are about life, scenery, his wishes and feelings. Li Bai and two other poets, Wang Wei and Du Fu, are considered the most famous poets of the “golden age” of Chinese poetry, that is, the Tang Dynasty. You’ll see more of their poems later.
THOUGHTS FOR A QUIET NIGHT
by Li Bai
The bright beams shine across my coverlet,
Reminding me of frost covering the ground.
I gaze up at the bright moon, then bow my head,
And suddenly think of home.
| Jìng yè sī 靜夜思 | ||||
| Lǐ Bái 李白 | ||||
| Chuáng | qián | míng | yuè | guāng, |
| 床 | 前 | 明 | 月 | 光， |
| yí | shì | dì | shàng | shuāng. |
| 疑 | 是 | 地 | 上 | 霜。 |
| Jǔ | tóu | wàng | míng | yuè, |
| 舉 | 頭 | 望 | 明 | 月， |
| dī | tóu | sī | gù | xiāng. |
| 低 | 頭 | 思 | 故 | 鄉。 |
Suggestions
There are many differences in cultures, habits, and lifestyles between China and Western countries. Sometimes, a small thing can trigger a lot of misunderstanding or embarrassment on either side or both sides. Here are a few suggestions that may help you keep misunderstandings to a minimum.
When you are invited to your Chinese friend’s home for a dinner, or a party or other event, according to Chinese custom, it is better not to come with empty hands. What should you bring? It really depends on the situation. For example, if you are invited for dinner, you can bring a bottle of wine, a box of chocolate, or flowers; if your friends have a newborn baby, a great present is baby formulas or baby foods made in the U.S. or other developed countries, since these are especially welcomed by many Chinese. On this subject, by the way: Unlike western women, Chinese women do not organize baby showers for future new moms. They celebrate a newborn baby after his or her arrival to the world. That is a good time to take the opportunity to buy baby formula or colorful clothes made in your country as a gift for your Chinese friend. He or she will deeply appreciate your thoughtful gift.
Some Chinese are confused by the statements like “I’ll call you” or “We will get together…” that are said frequently by Americans. To Americans, these statements are courtesies and may simply equal a “See you later.” However, to many Chinese, these statements sound like a serious intention. Therefore, the Chinese person likely expects a call soon from his/her American friend…but to his/her surprise, the phone call never comes. Keeping this in mind, it may be a good idea to use less-confusing statements with your Chinese friends and acquaintances, like “Take care and goodbye” or “Hope to see you again.”
Do You Know?
Many learners are eager to build up their knowledge about China fast. These items will help you do exactly that! They are just for fun. All the answers are provided in the Answer Key in the back of the book.
➊ Why is China called “中国 zhōng guó” and America called “美国 měi guó” in Chinese?
➋ What are the names of the eight ancient capitals of China?
See you later!
You have made great progress. In this chapter, you’ve learned 41 new words and the basic Chinese greeting style, along with some useful sentences, idioms, and a bit on Chinese customs and culture.
After all that, you may feel like going out to get some fresh air. I need some too. When you come back, you will learn how to introduce your friends and family members to other people. I’ll see you later!
