Читать книгу Meltdown - Yoichi Funabashi - Страница 7
ОглавлениеFukushima Disaster Response Timeline (Japan Standard Time)
MARCH 11, 2011
2:46 P.M. Great East Japan earthquake (Mw 9.0) occurs.
2:47 P.M. Unit 1 through 3 reactors automatically shut down (SCRAM).
2:48 P.M. Offsite AC power is lost; onsite emergency diesel generators automatically start up to provide AC power.
2:50 P.M. Earthquake response center is set up in the government.
2:52 P.M. Maritime SDF orders all operational ships to leave port.
3:14 P.M. Nuclear Emergency Response Headquarters set up in the Kantei.
3:27 P.M. First tsunami wave arrives at wave height meter.
3:36–3:37 P.M. Second (main) tsunami wave (height ~13 m) floods parts of plant.
3:37–3:41 P.M. Article 10 notification event occurs (loss of all plant power).
4:36 P.M. Article 15 emergency event occurs in Units 1 and 2 (loss of emergency core cooling system water injection sources).
5:00 P.M. TEPCO starts to use monitoring cars to measure radiation.
5:40 P.M. The first television report of station blackout at Fukushima Daiichi Units 1 and 2.
5:42 P.M. Banri Kaieda seeks approval from Naoto Kan for the declaration of a state of nuclear emergency.
5:55 P.M. Banri Kaieda instructs the venting of Units 1 and 2.
6:25 P.M. The operators close the IC valve of Unit 1.
6:50 P.M. Core damage in Unit 1.
7:00 P.M. The U.S. government informs the Japanese government about dispatching the USS Ronald Reagan.
7:03 P.M. The first Nuclear Emergency Response HQ (NERHQ) meeting takes place and the Japanese government declares a state of nuclear emergency.
7:19 P.M. Water level confirmed to be at 200 mm above top of active fuel in Unit 1.
7:30 P.M. Defense minister releases an order to dispatch the SDF to the nuclear disaster.
8:50 P.M. Fukushima Prefecture governor orders residents within a 2-kilometer radius of Daiichi to evacuate.
9:23 P.M. Japanese government expands evacuation radius for Daiichi to 3 kilometers.
9:30 P.M. The IC valve is opened in Unit 1.
9:51 P.M. The Unit 1 reactor building (RB) is put on “restricted access.”
10:00 P.M. Workers enter Unit 2 reactor building to read the reactor pressure vessel water level (3,400 mm above top of active fuel).
11:50 P.M. Pressure of the dry well of Unit 1 is recorded to be 600 kPa (maximum working pressure is 427 kPa).
MARCH 12, 2011
12:15 A.M. Telephone conversation between President Barack Obama and Prime Minister Naoto Kan.
3:00 A.M. Power is restored to the offsite center.
5:44 A.M. Japanese government widens the evacuation radius for Daiichi to 10 kilometers.
5:46 A.M. Freshwater begins to be pumped into Unit 1.
6:14 A.M. Prime Minister Naoto Kan departs for Fukushima via helicopter.
6:50 A.M. Instructions to vent Units 1 and 2 are switched from an instruction to a formal order.
7:45 A.M. Japanese government sets evacuation radius for Daini to 10 kilometers.
9:04 A.M. Emergency Response Center issues the order to begin manual venting at Unit 1.
10:00 A.M. National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS) doctors arrive at the offsite center.
10:47 A.M. Prime Minister Naoto Kan returns to the Kantei.
11:36 A.M. Reactor core isolation cooling system stops working in Unit 3.
2:30 P.M. Pressure containment vessel venting operations begin at Unit 1.
3:18 P.M. Masao Yoshida judges that radioactive material is being released from Unit 1 venting.
3:30 P.M. TEPCO begins making preparations to inject seawater into Unit 1.
3:36 P.M. Hydrogen explosion occurs in Unit 1 reactor building.
6:25 P.M. Japanese government widens the evacuation radius for Daiichi to 20 kilometers.
7:30 P.M. The SDF withdraws operations near Unit 1.
7:34 P.M. Seawater begins to be pumped into Unit 1.
MARCH 13, 2011
2:24 A.M. The high pressure coolant injection (HPCI) system of Units 3 and 4 is manually switched off.
5:10 A.M. Article 15 emergency event occurs in Unit 3 (loss of emergency core cooling system water injection sources).
7:00 A.M. TEPCO Procurement Group asks employees to donate their car batteries.
9:24 A.M. Reduction of pressure due to venting in Unit 3’s dry well is noted.
9:25 A.M. Freshwater begins to be pumped into Unit 3.
10:40 A.M. Core damage in Unit 3.
1:12 P.M. Seawater begins to be pumped into Unit 3.
3:22 P.M. USAID team arrives at U.S. Misawa Air Base.
9:37 P.M. 3,200 microsieverts is measured at the front gate of Fukushima Daiichi.
MARCH 14, 2011
7:00 A.M. Motohisa Ikeda requests Central Special Weapons Protection Corps to inject water into Unit 3.
11:01 A.M. Hydrogen explosion occurs in Unit 3 reactor building.
1:20 P.M. Meeting is held at the Kantei, in which the permissible exposure level is raised to 250 millisieverts.
1:30 P.M. Reactor core isolation cooling system in Unit 2 stops operating.
2:58 P.M. TEPCO reports preparations to vent Unit 2 are complete.
3:30 P.M. Seawater begins to be pumped into Unit 3 again.
4:34 P.M. Central Control Room begins to try to open the safety relief (SR) valve of Unit 2.
5:00 P.M. The water level of Unit 2 reaches top of active fuel (TAF).
6:40 P.M. Yoshida calls Goshi Hosono to say “We may be finished” after pumping water into Unit 2 fails.
7:20 P.M. Core damage in Unit 2 and fire engines standing by Unit 2 run out of fuel.
7:57 P.M. The fire engines are refueled and water is pumped into Unit 2.
9:22 P.M. It is reported that Unit 2’s water level has recovered to above top of active fuel (TAF).
MARCH 15, 2011
2:00 A.M. Tetsuro Ito is told that, in the worst case, Units 1 through 4 and possibly Units 5 and 6 would have to be abandoned.
3:30 A.M. “The Imperial Conference” meeting takes place.
4:17 A.M. TEPCO President Masataka Shimizu visits the Kantei and promises TEPCO will not pull out from the site.
5:26 A.M. Government-TEPCO Integrated Response Office is set up.
5:35 A.M. Kan leaves for TEPCO, where he makes a controversial ten-minute address.
6:14 A.M. Hydrogen explosion occurs in Unit 4 reactor building.
7:00 A.M. 650 people evacuate from Daiichi, leaving 70 or so workers.
8:11 A.M. Article 15 emergency event occurs in Unit 4 (abnormal release of radioactive materials).
11:00 A.M. Government announces a shelter-in-place order for residents between 20 and 30 kilometers from Fukushima Daiichi.
11:20 A.M. SDF helicopter takes off for monitoring but cancels due to fear of an explosion in Unit 4.
1:00 P.M. Miharu Town orders its people to take stable iodine.
2:00 P.M. Government reports that evacuation from 20-kilometer radius is completed.
6:00 P.M. Power trucks are sent from Fukushima Daini to Daiichi.
9:26 P.M. 330 microsieverts is recorded at Point 32 in Kawafusa in Namie Town.
MARCH 16, 2011
4:00 P.M. TEPCO employees board an SDF helicopter to take aerial shots of Unit 4.
4:30 P.M. Emperor’s message broadcasts on all television stations.
5:20 P.M. Water drop operations at Unit 3 are suspended due to high air dose rate.
10:30 P.M. The testimony before U.S. Congress begins, in which Gregory Jaczko claims Unit 4 is dry.
MARCH 17, 2011
12:00 A.M. Detailed analysis of all the reactors and fuel pools delivered to the SDF.
8:56–10:01 A.M. Water is dropped by the SDF into Unit 3.
10:22 A.M. Telephone conference between Prime Minister Naoto Kan and President Barack Obama.
2:15 P.M. U.S. government orders 50-mile evacuation zone and recommendation for voluntary departure for families of U.S. government officials.
2:20 P.M. The riot police arrive at Fukushima Daiichi.
5:37 P.M. Five high-power water trucks to be used by the SDF arrive at Fukushima Daiichi.
7:00 P.M. The riot police sprays 44 tons of water into the spent-fuel pool at Unit 3.
7:35–8:09 P.M. SDF pumps water into the fuel pool at Unit 3.
8:00 P.M. Tokyo Mayor Shintaro Ishihara agrees to mobilize the Hyper Rescue Squad.
MARCH 18, 2011
12:50 A.M. Official instruction to mobilize the Hyper Rescue Squad.
3:30 A.M. Tokyo Fire Department’s Hyper Rescue Squad mobilized.
4:30 A.M. President Obama holds a press conference about Fukushima after expressing condolences at the Japanese embassy.
MARCH 19, 2011
12:30–12:50 A.M. The Hyper Rescue Squad discharges 60 tons of water into Unit 3.
2:05–3:40 P.M. The Hyper Rescue Squad pumps 2,430 tons of water into Unit 3.
MARCH 20, 2011
8:21 A.M. Water begins to be pumped into Unit 4 by the SDF.
MARCH 21, 2011
9:00 A.M. Kaiwo Maru arrives at Onahama Port as a facility for plant workers and evacuees.
MARCH 22, 2011
1:00 P.M. First meeting of U.S.-Japan Joint Coordination Group on the Nuclear Emergency.
4:00 P.M. Prime Minister Kan asks heads of NSC, JAEC, and NISA to draw up a worst-case scenario.
5:17 P.M. Putzmeister’s concrete boom, the Giraffe, pumps for water injection arrive onsite and spray water into Unit 4.
MARCH 23, 2011
7:00 A.M. SPEEDI calculation results arrive at the NSC.
2:30 P.M. NSC chairman briefs Prime Minister Naoto Kan about SPEEDI reverse estimation method and results.
MARCH 25, 2011
Shunsuke Kondo submits the worst-case scenario to Goshi Hosono.
The government sets a voluntary evacuation area (20–30 km from Fukushima Daiichi).
MARCH 27, 2011
12:34 A.M. Concrete boom Giraffe pumps begin to spray into Unit 3.
MARCH 29, 2011
1:03 P.M. Concrete boom Giraffe pumps begin to spray into Unit 1.
APRIL 2, 2011
9:30 A.M. A patrol finds that water in the pit near Unit 2 is more than 1,000 millisieverts per hour.
APRIL 5, 2011
3:17 P.M. TEPCO begins to inject glass water.
APRIL 6, 2011
5:38 A.M. TEPCO confirms that the outflow of highly contaminated water had stopped.
APRIL 22, 2011
The government releases the Planned Evacuation Area, which includes Iitate Village.
Source: National Research Council, “Lessons Learned from the Fukushima Nuclear Accident for Improving Safety of U.S. Nuclear Plants,” July 24, 2014; core damage estimates are from TEPCO’s Fukushima Nuclear Accident Report.
