Читать книгу Clinical Obesity in Adults and Children - Группа авторов - Страница 37

The relationship between GDP per capita – a marker of national economic growth – and BMI [57,58], overweight [59], and obesity [60] takes an inverted U‐shape among women but is linear and positive among men and children. One previous analysis found that this association diminished in magnitude between 1980 and 2008 [57]. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russia may be an exception to this phenomenon because income was a stronger positive predictor of obesity in 2004 compared to 1994 [61]. Among men, previous studies have found that the association is positive for low‐income and lower‐middle‐income countries but plateaus for upper‐middle‐income and high‐income countries [57,58]. A previous study found that up to 18% of the increase in obesity among urban US adults from 1976 to 2000 could be explained by relative reductions in food prices [62], and another study reported that 40% of the increase in obesity in the United States from 1976 to 2004 could be attributed to decreasing food prices [63]. Thus, weight gain may be an inadvertent consequence of stabilizing food markets.

One previous analysis of 21 high‐income countries found a significant positive association between income inequality and obesity among women and men [64], but an analysis that included 68 countries spanning low to high income did not find a significant association between the Gini index (an indicator of income inequality) and the prevalence of obesity among women or men [60].