Читать книгу History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom - Andrew Dickson White - Страница 3

DETAILED CONTENTS OF THE FIRST VOLUME.

Table of Contents

CHAPTER I.

FROM CREATION TO EVOLUTION.

I. The Visible Universe.

Ancient and medieval views regarding the manner of creation

Regarding the matter of creation

Regarding the time of creation

Regarding the date of creation

Regarding the Creator

Regarding light and darkness

Rise of the conception of an evolution: among the Chaldeans, the

Hebrews, the Greeks, the Romans

Its survival through the Middle Ages, despite the disfavour of

the Church

Its development in modern times.—The nebular hypothesis and its

struggle with theology

The idea of evolution at last victorious

Our sacred books themselves an illustration of its truth

The true reconciliation of Science and Theology

II. Theological Teachings regarding the Animals and Man.

Ancient and medieval representations of the creation of man

Literal acceptance of the book of Genesis by the Christian

fathers

By the Reformers

By modern theologians, Catholic and Protestant

Theological reasoning as to the divisions of the animal kingdom

The Physiologus, the Bestiaries, the Exempila

Beginnings of sceptical observation

Development of a scientific method in the study of Nature

Breaking down of the theological theory of creation

III. Theological and Scientific Theories of an Evolution in

Animated Nature.

Ideas of evolution among the ancients

In the early Church

In the medieval Church

Development of these ideas from the sixteenth to the eighteenth

centuries

The work of De Maillet

Of Linneus

Of Buffon

Contributions to the theory of evolution at the close of the

eighteenth century

The work of Treviranus and Lamarck

Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and Cuvier

Development of the theory up to the middle of the nineteenth

century

The contributions of Darwin and Wallace

The opposition of Agassiz

IV. The Final Effort of Theology.

Attacks on Darwin and his theories in England

In America

Formation of sacro-scientific organizations to combat the theory

of evolution

The attack in France

In Germany

Conversion of Lyell to the theory of evolution

The attack of Darwin's Descent of Man

Difference between this and the former attack

Hostility to Darwinism in America

Change in the tone of the controversy.—Attempts at compromise

Dying-out of opposition to evolution

Last outbursts of theological hostility

Final victory of evolution

CHAPTER II.

GEOGRAPHY

I. The Form of the Earth.

Primitive conception of the earth as flat

In Chaldea and Egypt

In Persia

Among the Hebrews

Evolution, among the Greeks, of the idea of its sphericity

Opposition of the early Church

Evolution of a sacred theory, drawn from the Bible

Its completion by Cosmas Indicopleustes

Its influence on Christian thought

Survival of the idea of the earth's sphericity—its acceptance by

Isidore and Bede

Its struggle and final victory

II. The Delineation of the Earth.

Belief of every ancient people that its own central place was the

centre of the earth

Hebrew conviction that the earth's centre was at Jerusalem

Acceptance of this view by Christianity

Influence of other Hebrew conceptions—Gog and Magog, the "four

winds," the waters "on an heap"

III. The Inhabitants of the Earth.

The idea of antipodes

Its opposition by the Christian Church—Gregory Nazianzen,

Lactantius, Basil, Ambrose, Augustine, Procopius of Gaza, Cosmas,

Isidore

Virgil of Salzburg's assertion of it in the eighth century

Its revival by William of Conches and Albert the Great in the

thirteenth

Surrender of it by Nicolas d'Oresme

Fate of Peter of Abano and Cecco d' Ascoli

Timidity of Pierre d'Ailly and Tostatus

Theological hindrance of Columbus

Pope Alexander VI's demarcation line

Cautious conservatism of Gregory Reysch

Magellan and the victory of science

IV. The Size of the Earth.

Scientific attempts at measuring the earth

The sacred solution of the problem

Fortunate influence of the blunder upon Columbus

V. The Character of the Earth's Surface.

Servetus and the charge of denying the fertility of Judea

Contrast between the theological and the religious spirit in

their effects on science

CHAPTER III.

ASTRONOMY.

I. The Old Sacred Theory of the Universe.

The early Church's conviction of the uselessness of astronomy

The growth of a sacred theory—Origen, the Gnostics, Philastrius,

Cosmas, Isidore

The geocentric, or Ptolemaic, theory, its origin, and its

acceptance by the Christian world

Development of the new sacred system of astronomy—the

pseudo-Dionysius, Peter Lombard, Thomas Aquinas

Its popularization by Dante

Its details

Its persistence to modern times

II. The Heliocentric Theory.

Its rise among the Greeks—Pythagoras, Philolaus, Aristarchus

Its suppression by the charge of blasphemy

Its loss from sight for six hundred Years, then for a thousand

Its revival by Nicholas de Cusa and Nicholas Copernicus

Its toleration as a hypothesis

Its prohibition as soon as Galileo teaches it as a truth

Consequent timidity of scholars—Acosta, Apian

Protestantism not less zealous in opposition than

Catholicism—Luther Melanchthon, Calvin, Turretin

This opposition especially persistent in England—Hutchinson,

Pike, Horne, Horsley, Forbes, Owen, Wesley

Resulting interferences with freedom of teaching

Giordano Bruno's boldness and his fate

The truth demonstrated by the telescope of Galileo

III. The War upon Galileo.

Concentration of the war on this new champion

The first attack

Fresh attacks—Elci, Busaeus, Caccini, Lorini, Bellarmin

Use of epithets

Attempts to entrap Galileo

His summons before the Inquisition at Rome

The injunction to silence, and the condemnation of the theory of

the earth's motion

The work of Copernicus placed on the Index

Galileo's seclusion

Renewed attacks upon Galileo—Inchofer, Fromundus

IV. Victory of the Church over Galileo

Publication of his Dialogo

Hostility of Pope Urban VIII

Galileo's second trial by the Inquisition

His abjuration

Later persecution of him

Measures to complete the destruction of the Copernican theory

Persecution of Galileo's memory

Protestant hostility to the new astronomy and its champions

V. Results of the Victory over Galileo.

Rejoicings of churchmen over the victory

The silencing of Descartes

Persecution of Campanella and of Kepler

Persistence and victory of science

Dilemma of the theologians

Vain attempts to postpone the surrender

VI. The Retreat of the Church after its Victory over Galileo.

The easy path for the Protestant theologians

The difficulties of the older Church.—The papal infallibility

fully committed against the Copernican theory

Attempts at evasion—first plea: that Galileo was condemned not

for affirming the earth's motion, but for supporting it from

Scripture

Its easy refutation

Second plea: that he was condemned not for heresy, but for

contumacy

Folly of this assertion

Third plea: that it was all a quarrel between Aristotelian

professors and those favouring the experimental method

Fourth plea: that the condemnation of Galileo was "provisory"

Fifth plea: that he was no more a victim of Catholics than of

Protestants

Efforts to blacken Galileo's character

Efforts to suppress the documents of his trial

Their fruitlessness

Sixth plea: that the popes as popes had never condemned his

theory

Its confutation from their own mouths

Abandonment of the contention by honest Catholics

Two efforts at compromise—Newman, De Bonald

Effect of all this on thinking men

The fault not in Catholicism more than in Protestantism—not in

religion, but in theology