Читать книгу Fundamentals of Qualitative Phenomenological Nursing Research - Brigitte S. Cypress - Страница 17

Creswell (2012) discusses how qualitative research studies today involve closer attention to the interpretive nature of inquiry, and situation within the political, social, and cultural context of the researchers, participants, and readers. He presents several characteristics of qualitative research, as follows: (i) natural setting: data are collected face‐to‐face in the field at the site where participants experience the phenomenon under study; the inquiry should also be conducted in a way that does not disturb the natural context of the phenomenon; (ii) researcher as key instrument: the researchers collect the data themselves rather than relying on instruments developed by others; (iii) multiple sources of data: the researchers gather multiple forms of data, including interviews, observations, and document examination, rather than rely on a single source; (iv) inductive data analysis: data are organized into abstract units of information (“bottom‐up” or moving from specific to general), working back and forth between the themes and the database until a comprehensive set of themes is established, and ending up with general conclusions or theories; (v) participant's meanings: the researchers keep a focus on learning the meaning that the participants hold about the phenomenon, and not the meaning that they bring to the study themselves; (vi) emergent design: the initial plan for the study cannot be tightly prescribed, but must be emergent; all phases of the process may change or shift after the researchers enter the field and begin to collect data; (vii) theoretical lens: use of a “lens” to view the study, such as the concept of culture, gender, race, or class differences, or the social, political, or historical context of the problem under study; (viii) interpretive inquiry: a form of inquiry in which the researchers make an interpretation of what they see, hear, and understand, which cannot be separated from their own background, history, context, and prior understanding; and (ix) holistic account: reporting multiple perspectives, identifying the many factors involved in the situation, and sketching the larger picture that emerges (Creswell 2012).