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ОглавлениеThis book was first published in 1995 as Collins Gem Scots Dictionary, with the aim of providing a handy and accurate guide to the words and phrases used in contemporary Scotland. Many things have changed in Scotland since the publication of the first edition: the political map of the country has been literally redrawn, with single-tier council areas replacing a two-tier system based on regions and districts; more dramatically, the Scotland Act of 1998 established a new devolved Scottish parliament in Edinburgh, with its own headquarters and distinctive ways of operating. These developments – as well as changes in other Scottish institutions – have introduced a number of new words into the everyday language of Scottish people, while rendering other terms redundant, and this edition of the dictionary has been revised to include important new words and phrases and remain a reliable guide to modern Scots.
The Little Book of Scots is a dictionary of living Scots; but both “living” and “Scots” are terms which need some clarification. By “living” we mean that the words and terms defined are either in current everyday spoken or written use, or are readily familiar to Scottish people.
By “Scots” we mean the language of Germanic origin spoken by most Scots which is neither standard British English nor general slang.
Over the years, a great deal of excellent lexicographical work has been done on literary and historical Scots; and in recent years a number of smaller scale dictionaries dealing with the contemporary speech of various regions of Scotland have appeared. The aim of this book is to survey the modern colloquial language of Scotland as a whole, while not neglecting vital archaic or formal terms.
This book covers three main types of vocabulary: everyday language, official and technical language, and literary language.
Everyday language. This consists of the words and phrases which people use in normal informal conversation. Some of these are used almost universally in Scotland, others only by people who speak broader forms of Scots rather than “Scottish English”, and others are restricted to one part of the country. It is highly unlikely that any one person would use all the words in this book as part of their natural language. Where we believe that a term is regional, we have indicated this in the entry.
Dialects have been covered according to the number of speakers they have: roughly a quarter of the population of Scotland lives within twenty miles of central Glasgow, and the language of urban West Central Scotland is therefore dealt with in more depth than the language of Caithness or the Borders. (West Central Scots is also the dialect most often heard on television, whether in comedies or in detective series.) This is not to say that one dialect is better Scots than another, simply that some are more widely spoken than others.
Official and technical terms. Scotland has its own distinctive systems of law, religion, education, and government, and each of these systems has its own terminology. Many of these terms are included. Also included are words to do with specific Scottish activities such as whisky-making, shinty, and piping.
Literary Scots. Different writers have used Scots in different ways. Some have written in what is more or less standard literary English, with a sprinkling of Scots words and idioms. Others have chosen to write using a language based on the speech of one particular area, be it Glasgow, Edinburgh, or the rural Northeast. Yet others have attempted to create a modern literary Scots by using words from all parts of the country and, where necessary, going back to the language of Scots writers of the past for vocabulary. The objection often raised to this approach is that the result is far removed from the natural speech of any person from any part of the country. This split between literary and colloquial language is not unique to Scots – as the Scots language poet Sydney Goodsir Smith pointed out, “wha the deil spoke like King Lear?” – but because the standard written language of Scotland for the past three centuries has been English, the difference is particularly noticeable in Scots. For reasons of space only the most basic literary Scots has been included.
When the Angles, Jutes, and Saxons began to settle in Britain from the fourth century on, they brought with them their own Germanic dialects, and these became Old English, the language of the parts of England and Southern Scotland under Anglo-Saxon rule. This eventually developed into what is known as Middle English. Over the centuries, as the Scottish and English states emerged as unitary wholes, and followed their own historical paths, a language based on the Northumbrian dialect of Middle English (that spoken North of the Humber) emerged as one of the standard languages of Scotland. It is ultimately from this that modern Scots is descended. Scots has always tended to define itself in terms of what it isn’t: this early Anglo-Saxon derived tongue, initially only spoken in Southeast Scotland, was known as Inglis, to distinguish it from the Gaelic spoken in the Highlands and parts of Southwest Scotland, the Welsh-related language of much of West Central Scotland, the Pictish of the Northeast, and the Norse of the Islands and the Far North. Only later, when it had emerged as the chief administrative and spoken language of Scotland (although Gaelic remained in widespread use), did it became known as Scots to distinguish it from the separate but closely related tongue of England.
Over the years, Scots has been much influenced by the English of England. Indeed, there has never really been a complete split: many Northern English dialects have descended from the same Northumbrian roots as Scots, with words such as bairn (a child or baby), fell (a mountain or hill), and flit (to move house) being found in Scots and Northern English alike. The main literary and political language of England (so-called Standard English), however, was one based on the East Midlands dialect spoken in London.
For many centuries, Scots and English developed in parallel: but the decision of the Church of Scotland to adopt a version of the Bible in English rather than in Scots following the Reformation, and the Union first of the Scottish and English crowns and later of the Scottish and English parliaments, meant that Scots came to have less and less social status. Many members of the Scottish nobility and middle-classes, eager to prove themselves good North Britons, made strenuous efforts to avoid all Scottish idioms and pronunciations.
But despite these attempts, Scots has remained in constant use, if mainly as a spoken language. The language of modern Scotland remains distinct from that of England, with its own words, idioms, and grammar. A typical recent edition of one of the Scottish national newspapers, for instance, mentions a depute fiscal at a Sheriff Court, a wasp’s bike, and a Church of Scotland clergyman who had demitted his post as a minister; Scottish greengrocers sell syboes; and in Scotland’s pubs, drinkers continue to get guttered on pints of heavy and wee goldies.
It should also be noted that the trade between Scots and English has not all been one way: such commonplace English words as cuddle, eerie, and greed were originally Scots.
Most authorities divide Scots into four groups of dialects, the larger of which have major subdivisions. There are many more subtle changes of dialect than can be covered here, and, particularly in areas where the majority of the population have lived locally all their lives, many people can distinguish between the speech of people from one town or village and their neighbours from a nearby area.
Central Scots, despite its name, is spoken throughout the area south and west of the Tay, with the exception of a small area in the Borders and Eastern Dumfriesshire. It is the most widely spoken form of Scots, and can be divided into East Central Scots, West Central Scots, and Southwestern Scots. One of the chief differences between them is that the vowel sound in words such as a’, cauld, and wa (all, cold, and wall) is pronounced aw in the West and ah elsewhere. Throughout the Central Scots area, the -u- or -ui- or -oo- vowel in words such as guid (good), school, or moon is usually pronounced -i- (as in English hid).
Northern Scots is the other main form of Scots, within which Northeastern Scots, spoken in the area north of Stonehaven and East of Inverness, forms a distinct dialect. The most immediately obvious feature of Northern Scots is that wh- at the beginning of a word is usually pronounced f-, for instance in fit (what) or fite (white). The vowel in guid, school, and moon is generally pronounced with an -ee- (as in English heed), but in the Northeast when this sound follows a hard g or k it is pronounced -wee- (gweed, skweel). All forms of Northern Scots frequently drop the initial thin words such as the, this, and that. A noticeable grammatical feature of Northern dialects is the tendency to use this and that instead of these and those when referring to more than one person or thing: did you see that two mannies?
Island Scots. Orkney and Shetland formerly spoke a Scandinavian language known as Norn which had been superseded by Scots by the end of the 18th century. However many Norn words, such as voe (a narrow bay) have survived into the present-day dialects. Other distinctive features of Orkney and Shetland dialects are the preservation of the distinction between the formal you and the informal thou, and the pronunciation of th as d or t, as in tink (think), blide (blithe, happy), or da (the).
Southern Scots is spoken in Eastern Dumfriesshire and along most of the Border. Its speakers tend to say -ow and -ey at the ends of words, where people from elsewhere in Scotland would say -oo and -ee. It is sometimes referred to as the “yow and mey” dialect as a result.
The Highlands and the Western Isles, where Gaelic was (and some times still is) the main language, are generally described as speaking Highland English rather than Scots, although many Scottish words are in common use there.
The different histories of Scotland and England have meant that Scots and English have not only emerged from different Germanic dialects, but have absorbed words from different sources.
Much of Northern and Eastern Scotland was settled by the Vikings, and their Old Norse tongue has contributed terms such as kirk (church), brig (bridge), and lowp (leap), some of which also exist in Northern English.
Later, political and trading alliances with France provided words like ashet (a type of plate), fash (to bother or annoy), and gigot (a cut of meat).
Other trade links with the Netherlands endowed Scots, particularly its Eastern dialects, with a number of words, with howff (a pub), loon (a boy or young man), and pinkie (the little finger) all coming from Dutch or Flemish.
Gaelic was formerly much more widely spoken than it is today, and many words have passed from it into Scots. Some words, such as glen (a narrow valley), keelie (a generally derogatory term for an urban working-class man), and partan (a crab), are general Scots, others, such as bourach (a heap or a mess), cailleach (an old woman), and laroch (a ruin) are restricted to areas in the North or West where Gaelic was historically strongest or where there has been large-scale immigration from Gaelic-speaking areas.
Scots also shares a number of words, such as hooley (a wild party), with Irish English: over the centuries there has been a long tradition of migration between the two countries, to the extent that dialectologists regard the language of some parts of Northeastern Ireland as “Ulster Scots” rather than a dialect of Irish English.
Lastly, there are a number of words that have come into Scots, and particularly its Eastern and Northern dialects, from the language of the travelling people, for example barrie (excellent) and gadgie (a man or youth).
