Читать книгу The Life of Jesus Critically Examined - David Friedrich Strauss - Страница 6
ОглавлениеINTRODUCTION.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE MYTHICAL POINT OF VIEW IN RELATION TO THE GOSPEL HISTORIES.
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| § 1. | Inevitable rise of different modes of explaining sacred histories | 39 |
| 2. | Different explanations of sacred legends among the Greeks | 40 |
| 3. | Allegorical interpretations among the Hebrews. Philo | 41 |
| 4. | Allegorical interpretations among the Christians. Origen | 41 |
| 5. | Transition to more modern times. Deists and Naturalists of the 17th and 18th centuries. The Wolfenbüttel Fragmentist | 44 |
| 6. | Natural mode of explanation adopted by the Rationalists. Eichhorn. Paulus | 46 |
| 7. | Moral interpretation of Kant | 50 |
| 8. | Rise of the mythical mode of interpreting the sacred history, in reference first to the Old Testament | 52 |
| 9. | The mythical mode of interpretation in reference to the New Testament | 57 |
| 10. | The notion of the mythus in its application to sacred histories not clearly apprehended by theologians | 59 |
| 11. | The application of the notion of the mythus too circumscribed | 63 |
| 12. | Opposition to the mythical view of the Gospel history | 65 |
| 13. | The possibility of the existence of mythi in the New Testament considered in reference to external evidences | 69 |
| 14. | The possibility of mythi in the New Testament considered on internal grounds | 75 |
| 15. | Definition of the evangelical mythus, and its distinctive characteristics | 86 |
| 16. | Criteria by which to distinguish the unhistorical in the Gospel narrative | 87 |
FIRST PART.
HISTORY OF THE BIRTH AND CHILDHOOD OF JESUS.
CHAPTER I.
ANNUNCIATION AND BIRTH OF JOHN THE BAPTIST.
| § 17. | Account given by Luke. Immediate supernatural character of the representation | 95 |
| 18. | Natural explanation of the narrative | 100 |
| 19. | Mythical view of the narrative in its different stages | 104 |
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CHAPTER II.
DAVIDICAL DESCENT OF JESUS, ACCORDING TO THE GENEALOGICAL TABLES OF MATTHEW AND LUKE.
| § 20. | The two genealogies of Jesus considered separately and irrespectively of one another | 108 |
| 21. | Comparison of the two genealogies. Attempt to reconcile their contradictions | 112 |
| 22. | The genealogies unhistorical | 117 |
CHAPTER III.
ANNOUNCEMENT OF THE CONCEPTION OF JESUS.—ITS SUPERNATURAL CHARACTER.—VISIT OF MARY TO ELIZABETH.
| § 23. | Sketch of the different canonical and apocryphal accounts | 119 |
| 24. | Disagreements of the canonical gospels in relation to the form of the annunciation | 121 |
| 25. | Import of the angel’s message. Fulfilment of the prophecy of Isaiah | 126 |
| 26. | Jesus begotten of the Holy Ghost. Criticism of the orthodox opinion | 130 |
| 27. | Retrospect of the genealogies | 132 |
| 28. | Natural explanation of the history of the conception | 137 |
| 29. | History of the conception of Jesus viewed as a mythus | 140 |
| 30. | Relation of Joseph to Mary. Brothers of Jesus | 143 |
| 31. | Visit of Mary to Elizabeth | 148 |
CHAPTER IV.
BIRTH AND EARLIEST EVENTS OF THE LIFE OF JESUS.
| § 32. | The census | 152 |
| 33. | Particular circumstances of the birth of Jesus. The circumcision | 156 |
| 34. | The Magi and their star. The flight into Egypt, and the murder of the children in Bethlehem. Criticism of the supranaturalistic view | 162 |
| 35. | Attempts at a natural explanation of the history of the Magi. Transition to the mythical explanation | 169 |
| 36. | The purely mythical explanation of the narrative concerning the Magi, and of the events with which it is connected | 173 |
| 37. | Chronological relation between the visit of the Magi, together with the flight into Egypt, and the presentation in the temple recorded by Luke | 178 |
| 38. | The presentation of Jesus in the temple | 181 |
| 39. | Retrospect. Difference between Matthew and Luke as to the original residence of the parents of Jesus | 184 |
CHAPTER V.
THE FIRST VISIT TO THE TEMPLE, AND THE EDUCATION OF JESUS.
| § 40. | Jesus, when twelve years old, in the temple | 191 |
| 41. | This narrative also mythical | 196 |
| 42. | On the external life of Jesus up to the time of his public appearance | 198 |
| 43. | The intellectual development of Jesus | 201 |
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SECOND PART.
HISTORY OF THE PUBLIC LIFE OF JESUS.
CHAPTER I.
RELATIONS BETWEEN JESUS AND JOHN THE BAPTIST.
| § 44. | Chronological relations between John and Jesus | 209 |
| 45. | Appearance and design of the Baptist. His personal relations with Jesus | 214 |
| 46. | Was Jesus acknowledged by John as the Messiah? and in what sense? | 219 |
| 47. | Opinion of the evangelists and of Jesus concerning the Baptist, with his own judgment of himself. Result of the inquiry into the relationship between these two individuals | 230 |
| 48. | The execution of John the Baptist | 234 |
CHAPTER II.
BAPTISM AND TEMPTATION OF JESUS.
| § 49. | Why did Jesus receive baptism from John? | 237 |
| 50. | The scene at the baptism of Jesus considered as supernatural, and as natural | 239 |
| 51. | An attempt at a criticism and mythical interpretation of the narratives | 242 |
| 52. | Relation of the supernatural at the baptism of Jesus to the supernatural in his conception | 247 |
| 53. | Place and time of the temptation of Jesus. Divergencies of the evangelists on this subject | 249 |
| 54. | The history of the temptation conceived in the sense of the evangelists | 252 |
| 55. | The temptation considered as a natural occurrence either internal or external; and also as a parable | 255 |
| 56. | The history of the temptation as a mythus | 259 |
CHAPTER III.
LOCALITY AND CHRONOLOGY OF THE PUBLIC LIFE OF JESUS.
| § 57. | Difference between the synoptical writers and John, as to the customary scene of the ministry of Jesus | 264 |
| 58. | The residence of Jesus at Capernaum | 271 |
| 59. | Divergencies of the Evangelists as to the chronology of the life of Jesus. Duration of his public ministry | 275 |
| 60. | The attempts at a chronological arrangement of the particular events in the public life of Jesus | 278 |
CHAPTER IV.
JESUS AS THE MESSIAH.
| § 61. | Jesus, the Son of Man | 281 |
| 62. | How soon did Jesus conceive himself to be the Messiah, and find recognition as such from others? | 284 |
| 63. | Jesus, the Son of God | 288 |
| 64. | The divine mission and authority of Jesus. His pre-existence | 291 |
| 65. | The messianic plan of Jesus. Indications of a political element | 293 |
| 66. | Data for the pure spirituality of the messianic plan of Jesus. Balance | 295 |
| 67. | The relation of Jesus to the Mosaic law | 297 |
| 68. | Scope of the messianic plan of Jesus. Relation to the Gentiles | 300 |
| 69. | Relation of the messianic plan of Jesus to the Samaritans. His interview with the woman of Samaria | 303 |
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CHAPTER V.
THE DISCIPLES OF JESUS.
| § 70. | Calling of the first companions of Jesus. Difference between the first two Evangelists and the fourth | 309 |
| 71. | Peter’s draught of fishes | 315 |
| 72. | Calling of Matthew. Connexion of Jesus with the publicans | 319 |
| 73. | The twelve apostles | 323 |
| 74. | The twelve considered individually. The three or four most confidential disciples of Jesus | 326 |
| 75. | The rest of the twelve, and the seventy disciples | 330 |
CHAPTER VI.
THE DISCOURSES OF JESUS IN THE THREE FIRST GOSPELS.
| § 76. | The Sermon on the Mount | 334 |
| 77. | Instructions to the twelve. Lamentations over the Galilean cities. Joy over the calling of the simple | 342 |
| 78. | The parables | 345 |
| 79. | Miscellaneous instructions and controversies of Jesus | 355 |
CHAPTER VII.
DISCOURSES OF JESUS IN THE FOURTH GOSPEL.
| § 80. | Conversation of Jesus with Nicodemus | 365 |
| 81. | The discourses of Jesus, John v.–xii. | 371 |
| 82. | Isolated maxims of Jesus, common to the fourth gospel and the synoptical ones | 377 |
| 83. | The modern discussions on the authenticity of the discourses in the Gospel of John. Result | 381 |
CHAPTER VIII.
EVENTS IN THE PUBLIC LIFE OF JESUS, EXCLUSIVE OF THE MIRACLES.
| § 84. | General comparison of the manner of narration that distinguishes the several Evangelists | 387 |
| 85. | Isolated groups of anecdotes. Imputation of a league with Beelzebub, and demand of a sign | 391 |
| 86. | Visit of the mother and brethren of Jesus. The woman who pronounces the mother of Jesus blessed | 394 |
| 87. | Contentions for pre-eminence among the disciples. The love of Jesus for children | 396 |
| 88. | The purification of the temple | 399 |
| 89. | Narratives of the anointing of Jesus by a woman | 402 |
| 90. | The narratives of the woman taken in adultery, and of Mary and Martha | 409 |
CHAPTER IX.
MIRACLES OF JESUS.
| § 91. | Jesus considered as a worker of miracles | 413 |
| 92. | The demoniacs, considered generally | 415 |
| 93. | Cases of the expulsion of demons by Jesus, considered singly | 423 |
| 94. | Cures of lepers | 437 |
| 95. | Cures of the blind | 441 |
| 96. | Cures of paralytics. Did Jesus regard diseases as punishments? [37] | 452 |
| § 97. | Involuntary cures | 457 |
| 98. | Cures at a distance | 462 |
| 99. | Cures on the sabbath | 471 |
| 100. | Resuscitations of the dead | 476 |
| 101. | Anecdotes having relation to the sea | 496 |
| 102. | The miraculous multiplication of the loaves and fishes | 507 |
| 103. | Jesus turns water into wine | 519 |
| 104. | Jesus curses a barren fig-tree | 527 |
CHAPTER X.
THE TRANSFIGURATION OF JESUS, AND HIS LAST JOURNEY TO JERUSALEM.
| § 105. | The transfiguration of Jesus considered as a miraculous external event | 535 |
| 106. | The natural explanation of the narrative in various forms | 537 |
| 107. | The history of the transfiguration considered as a mythus | 540 |
| 108. | Diverging accounts concerning the last journey of Jesus to Jerusalem | 546 |
| 109. | Divergencies of the gospels, in relation to the point from which Jesus made his entrance into Jerusalem | 549 |
| 110. | More particular circumstances of the entrance. Its object and historical reality | 553 |
THIRD PART.
HISTORY OF THE PASSION, DEATH, AND RESURRECTION OF JESUS.
CHAPTER I.
RELATION OF JESUS TO THE IDEA OF A SUFFERING AND DYING MESSIAH; HIS DISCOURSES ON HIS DEATH, RESURRECTION, AND SECOND ADVENT.
| § 111. | Did Jesus in precise terms predict his passion and death? | 563 |
| 112. | The predictions of Jesus concerning his death in general; their relation to the Jewish idea of the Messiah; declarations of Jesus concerning the object and effects of his death | 567 |
| 113. | Precise declarations of Jesus concerning his future resurrection | 574 |
| 114. | Figurative discourses, in which Jesus is supposed to have announced his resurrection | 576 |
| 115. | The discourses of Jesus on his second advent. Criticism of the different interpretations | 582 |
| 116. | Origin of the discourses on the second advent | 591 |
CHAPTER II.
MACHINATIONS OF THE ENEMIES OF JESUS; TREACHERY OF JUDAS; LAST SUPPER WITH THE DISCIPLES.
| § 117. | Development of the relation of Jesus to his enemies | 599 |
| 118. | Jesus and his betrayer | 602 |
| 119. | Different opinions concerning the character of Judas, and the motives of his treachery | 607 |
| 120. | Preparation for the passover | 611 |
| 121. | Divergent statements respecting the time of the last supper | 614 |
| 122. | Divergencies in relation to the occurrences at the last meal of Jesus | 621 |
| 123. | Announcement of the betrayal and the denial | 626 |
| 124. | The institution of the Lord’s supper | 631 |
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CHAPTER III.
RETIREMENT TO THE MOUNT OF OLIVES, ARREST, TRIAL, CONDEMNATION, AND CRUCIFIXION OF JESUS.
| § 125. | Agony of Jesus in the garden | 635 |
| 126. | Relation of the fourth gospel to the events in Gethsemane. The farewell discourses in John, and the scene following the announcement of the Greeks | 640 |
| 127. | Arrest of Jesus | 649 |
| 128. | Examination of Jesus before the high priest | 653 |
| 129. | The denial by Peter | 658 |
| 130. | The death of the betrayer | 662 |
| 131. | Jesus before Pilate and Herod | 669 |
| 132. | The crucifixion | 677 |
CHAPTER IV.
DEATH AND RESURRECTION OF JESUS.
| § 133. | Prodigies attendant on the death of Jesus | 691 |
| 134. | The wound by a spear in the side of Jesus | 697 |
| 135. | Burial of Jesus | 701 |
| 136. | The watch at the grave of Jesus | 705 |
| 137. | First tidings of the resurrection | 709 |
| 138. | Appearances of the risen Jesus in Galilee and in Judea, including those mentioned by Paul and by apocryphal writings | 718 |
| 139. | Quality of the body and life of Jesus after the resurrection | 728 |
| 140. | Debates concerning the reality of the death and resurrection of Jesus | 735 |
CHAPTER V.
THE ASCENSION.
| § 141. | The last commands and promises of Jesus | 745 |
| 142. | The so-called ascension considered as a supernatural and as a natural event | 749 |
| 143. | Insufficiency of the narratives of the ascension. Mythical conception of those narratives | 752 |
CONCLUDING DISSERTATION.
THE DOGMATIC IMPORT OF THE LIFE OF JESUS.
| § 144. | Necessary transition from criticism to dogma | 757 |
| 145. | The Christology of the orthodox system | 758 |
| 146. | Objections to the Christology of the church | 764 |
| 147. | The Christology of rationalism | 767 |
| 148. | The eclectic Christology of Schleiermacher | 768 |
| 149. | Christology interpreted symbolically. Kant. De Wette | 773 |
| 150. | The speculative Christology | 777 |
| 151. | Last dilemma | 778 |
| 152. | Relation of the critical and speculative theology to the church | 781 |
