Читать книгу The Life of Jesus Critically Examined - David Friedrich Strauss - Страница 7
Table of Contents
Оглавление| INTRODUCTION TO THE PRESENT EDITION, | 5 | ||
| PREFACE TO THE FIRST GERMAN EDITION. | 29 | ||
| PREFACE TO THE FOURTH GERMAN EDITION. | 32 | ||
| CONTENTS. | 33 | ||
| INTRODUCTION. DEVELOPMENT OF THE MYTHICAL POINT OF VIEW IN RELATION TO THE GOSPEL HISTORIES. | 39 | ||
| 1. | INEVITABLE RISE OF DIFFERENT MODES OF EXPLAINING SACRED HISTORIES. | 39 | |
| 2. | DIFFERENT EXPLANATIONS OF SACRED LEGENDS AMONG THE GREEKS. | 40 | |
| 3. | ALLEGORICAL INTERPRETATIONS AMONG THE HEBREWS.—PHILO. | 41 | |
| 4. | ALLEGORICAL INTERPRETATIONS AMONG THE CHRISTIANS.—ORIGEN. | 41 | |
| 5. | TRANSITION TO MORE MODERN TIMES.—DEISTS AND NATURALISTS OF THE 17TH AND 18TH CENTURIES.—THE WOLFENBÜTTEL FRAGMENTIST. | 44 | |
| 6. | NATURAL MODE OF EXPLANATION ADOPTED BY THE RATIONALISTS.—EICHHORN.—PAULUS. | 46 | |
| 7. | MORAL INTERPRETATION OF KANT. | 50 | |
| 8. | RISE OF THE MYTHICAL MODE OF INTERPRETING THE SACRED HISTORY, IN REFERENCE FIRST TO THE OLD TESTAMENT. | 52 | |
| 9. | THE MYTHICAL MODE OF INTERPRETATION IN REFERENCE TO THE NEW TESTAMENT. | 57 | |
| 10. | THE NOTION OF THE MYTHUS IN ITS APPLICATION TO SACRED HISTORIES NOT CLEARLY APPREHENDED BY THEOLOGIANS. | 59 | |
| 11. | THE APPLICATION OF THE NOTION OF THE MYTHUS TOO CIRCUMSCRIBED. | 63 | |
| 12. | OPPOSITION TO THE MYTHICAL VIEW OF THE GOSPEL HISTORY. | 65 | |
| 13. | THE POSSIBILITY OF THE EXISTENCE OF MYTHI IN THE NEW TESTAMENT CONSIDERED IN REFERENCE TO THE EXTERNAL EVIDENCES. | 69 | |
| 14. | THE POSSIBILITY OF MYTHI IN THE NEW TESTAMENT CONSIDERED ON INTERNAL GROUNDS. | 75 | |
| 15. | DEFINITION OF THE EVANGELICAL MYTHUS AND ITS DISTINCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS. | 86 | |
| 16. | CRITERIA BY WHICH TO DISTINGUISH THE UNHISTORICAL IN THE GOSPEL NARRATIVE. | 87 | |
| HISTORY OF THE BIRTH AND CHILDHOOD OF JESUS. | 93 | ||
| I. | ANNUNCIATION AND BIRTH OF JOHN THE BAPTIST. | 95 | |
| 17. | ACCOUNT GIVEN BY LUKE. IMMEDIATE, SUPERNATURAL CHARACTER OF THE REPRESENTATION. | 95 | |
| 18. | NATURAL EXPLANATION OF THE NARRATIVE. | 100 | |
| 19. | MYTHICAL VIEW OF THE NARRATIVE IN ITS DIFFERENT STAGES. | 104 | |
| II. | DAVIDICAL DESCENT OF JESUS, ACCORDING TO THE GENEALOGICAL TABLES OF MATTHEW AND LUKE. | 108 | |
| 20. | THE TWO GENEALOGIES OF JESUS CONSIDERED SEPARATELY AND IRRESPECTIVELY OF ONE ANOTHER. | 108 | |
| 21. | COMPARISON OF THE TWO GENEALOGIES—ATTEMPT TO RECONCILE THEIR CONTRADICTIONS. | 112 | |
| 22. | THE GENEALOGIES UNHISTORICAL. | 117 | |
| III. | ANNOUNCEMENT OF THE CONCEPTION OF JESUS.—ITS SUPERNATURAL CHARACTER.—VISIT OF MARY TO ELIZABETH. | 119 | |
| 23. | SKETCH OF THE DIFFERENT CANONICAL AND APOCRYPHAL ACCOUNTS. | 119 | |
| 24. | DISAGREEMENTS OF THE CANONICAL GOSPELS IN RELATION TO THE FORM OF THE ANNUNCIATION. | 121 | |
| 25. | IMPORT OF THE ANGEL’S MESSAGE.—FULFILMENT OF THE PROPHECY OF ISAIAH. | 126 | |
| 26. | JESUS BEGOTTEN OF THE HOLY GHOST. CRITICISM OF THE ORTHODOX OPINION. | 130 | |
| 27. | RETROSPECT OF THE GENEALOGIES. | 133 | |
| 28. | NATURAL EXPLANATION OF THE HISTORY OF THE CONCEPTION. | 137 | |
| 29. | HISTORY OF THE CONCEPTION OF JESUS VIEWED AS A MYTHUS. | 140 | |
| 30. | RELATION OF JOSEPH TO MARY—BROTHERS OF JESUS. | 143 | |
| 31. | VISIT OF MARY TO ELIZABETH. | 148 | |
| IV. | BIRTH AND EARLIEST EVENTS OF THE LIFE OF JESUS. | 152 | |
| 32. | THE CENSUS. | 152 | |
| 33. | PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE BIRTH OF JESUS. THE CIRCUMCISION. | 156 | |
| 34. | THE MAGI AND THEIR STAR. THE FLIGHT INTO EGYPT AND THE MURDER OF THE CHILDREN IN BETHLEHEM. CRITICISM OF THE SUPRANATURALISTIC VIEW. | 162 | |
| 35. | ATTEMPTS AT A NATURAL EXPLANATION OF THE HISTORY OF THE MAGI. TRANSITION TO THE MYTHICAL EXPLANATION. | 169 | |
| 36. | THE PURELY MYTHICAL EXPLANATION OF THE NARRATIVE CONCERNING THE MAGI, AND OF THE EVENTS WITH WHICH IT IS CONNECTED. | 173 | |
| 37. | CHRONOLOGICAL RELATION BETWEEN THE VISIT OF THE MAGI, TOGETHER WITH THE FLIGHT INTO EGYPT, AND THE PRESENTATION IN THE TEMPLE RECORDED BY LUKE. | 178 | |
| 38. | THE PRESENTATION OF JESUS IN THE TEMPLE. | 181 | |
| 39. | RETROSPECT. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MATTHEW AND LUKE AS TO THE ORIGINAL RESIDENCE OF THE PARENTS OF JESUS. | 184 | |
| V. | THE FIRST VISIT TO THE TEMPLE, AND THE EDUCATION OF JESUS. | 191 | |
| 40. | JESUS, WHEN TWELVE YEARS OLD, IN THE TEMPLE. | 191 | |
| 41. | THIS NARRATIVE ALSO MYTHICAL. | 196 | |
| 42. | ON THE EXTERNAL LIFE OF JESUS UP TO THE TIME OF HIS PUBLIC APPEARANCE. | 198 | |
| 43. | THE INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF JESUS. | 201 | |
| HISTORY OF THE PUBLIC LIFE OF JESUS. | 207 | ||
| I. | RELATIONS BETWEEN JESUS AND JOHN THE BAPTIST. | 209 | |
| 44. | CHRONOLOGICAL RELATIONS BETWEEN JOHN AND JESUS. | 209 | |
| 45. | APPEARANCE AND DESIGN OF THE BAPTIST. HIS PERSONAL RELATIONS WITH JESUS. | 214 | |
| 46. | WAS JESUS ACKNOWLEDGED BY JOHN AS THE MESSIAH? AND IN WHAT SENSE? | 219 | |
| 47. | OPINION OF THE EVANGELISTS AND JESUS CONCERNING THE BAPTIST, WITH HIS OWN JUDGMENT ON HIMSELF. RESULT OF THE INQUIRY INTO THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THESE TWO INDIVIDUALS. | 230 | |
| 48. | THE EXECUTION OF JOHN THE BAPTIST. | 234 | |
| II. | BAPTISM AND TEMPTATION OF JESUS. | 237 | |
| 49. | WHY DID JESUS RECEIVE BAPTISM FROM JOHN? | 237 | |
| 50. | THE SCENE AT THE BAPTISM OF JESUS CONSIDERED AS SUPERNATURAL AND AS NATURAL. | 239 | |
| 51. | AN ATTEMPT AT A CRITICISM AND MYTHICAL INTERPRETATION OF THE NARRATIVES. | 242 | |
| 52. | RELATION OF THE SUPERNATURAL AT THE BAPTISM OF JESUS TO THE SUPERNATURAL IN HIS CONCEPTION. | 247 | |
| 53. | PLACE AND TIME OF THE TEMPTATION OF JESUS. DIVERGENCIES OF THE EVANGELISTS ON THIS SUBJECT. | 249 | |
| 54. | THE HISTORY OF THE TEMPTATION CONCEIVED IN THE SENSE OF THE EVANGELISTS. | 252 | |
| 55. | THE TEMPTATION CONSIDERED AS A NATURAL OCCURRENCE EITHER INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL; AND ALSO AS A PARABLE. | 255 | |
| 56. | THE HISTORY OF THE TEMPTATION AS A MYTHUS. | 259 | |
| III. | LOCALITY AND CHRONOLOGY OF THE PUBLIC LIFE OF JESUS. | 264 | |
| 57. | DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE SYNOPTICAL WRITERS AND JOHN, AS TO THE CUSTOMARY SCENE OF THE MINISTRY OF JESUS. | 264 | |
| 58. | THE RESIDENCE OF JESUS AT CAPERNAUM. | 271 | |
| 59. | DIVERGENCIES OF THE EVANGELISTS AS TO THE CHRONOLOGY OF THE LIFE OF JESUS. DURATION OF HIS PUBLIC MINISTRY. | 275 | |
| 60. | THE ATTEMPTS AT A CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT OF THE PARTICULAR EVENTS IN THE PUBLIC LIFE OF JESUS. | 278 | |
| IV. | JESUS AS THE MESSIAH. | 281 | |
| 61. | JESUS, THE SON OF MAN. | 281 | |
| 62. | HOW SOON DID JESUS CONCEIVE HIMSELF TO BE THE MESSIAH, AND FIND RECOGNITION AS SUCH FROM OTHERS? | 284 | |
| 63. | JESUS, THE SON OF GOD. | 288 | |
| 64. | THE DIVINE MISSION AND AUTHORITY OF JESUS. HIS PRE-EXISTENCE. | 291 | |
| 65. | THE MESSIANIC PLAN OF JESUS. INDICATIONS OF A POLITICAL ELEMENT. | 293 | |
| 66. | DATA FOR THE PURE SPIRITUALITY OF THE MESSIANIC PLAN OF JESUS. BALANCE. | 295 | |
| 67. | THE RELATION OF JESUS TO THE MOSAIC LAW. | 297 | |
| 68. | SCOPE OF THE MESSIANIC PLAN OF JESUS. RELATION TO THE GENTILES. | 300 | |
| 69. | RELATION OF THE MESSIANIC PLAN OF JESUS TO THE SAMARITANS. HIS INTERVIEW WITH THE WOMAN OF SAMARIA. | 303 | |
| V. | THE DISCIPLES OF JESUS. | 309 | |
| 70. | CALLING OF THE FIRST COMPANIONS OF JESUS. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE FIRST TWO EVANGELISTS AND THE FOURTH. | 309 | |
| 71. | PETER’S DRAUGHT OF FISHES. | 315 | |
| 72. | CALLING OF MATTHEW. CONNEXION OF JESUS WITH THE PUBLICANS. | 319 | |
| 73. | THE TWELVE APOSTLES. | 323 | |
| 74. | THE TWELVE CONSIDERED INDIVIDUALLY. THE THREE OR FOUR MOST CONFIDENTIAL DISCIPLES OF JESUS. | 326 | |
| 75. | THE REST OF THE TWELVE, AND THE SEVENTY DISCIPLES. | 330 | |
| VI. | THE DISCOURSES OF JESUS IN THE THREE FIRST GOSPELS. | 334 | |
| 76. | THE SERMON ON THE MOUNT. | 334 | |
| 77. | INSTRUCTIONS TO THE TWELVE. LAMENTATIONS OVER THE GALILEAN CITIES. JOY OVER THE CALLING OF THE SIMPLE. | 342 | |
| 78. | THE PARABLES. | 345 | |
| 79. | MISCELLANEOUS INSTRUCTIONS AND CONTROVERSIES OF JESUS. | 355 | |
| VII. | DISCOURSES OF JESUS IN THE FOURTH GOSPEL. | 365 | |
| 80. | CONVERSATION OF JESUS WITH NICODEMUS. | 365 | |
| 81. | THE DISCOURSES OF JESUS, JOHN V.–XII. | 371 | |
| 82. | § 82. ISOLATED MAXIMS OF JESUS, COMMON TO THE FOURTH GOSPEL AND THE SYNOPTICAL ONES. | 377 | |
| 83. | THE MODERN DISCUSSIONS ON THE AUTHENTICITY OF THE DISCOURSES IN THE GOSPEL OF JOHN. RESULT. | 381 | |
| VIII. | EVENTS IN THE PUBLIC LIFE OF JESUS, EXCLUDING THE MIRACLES. | 387 | |
| 84. | GENERAL COMPARISON OF THE MANNER OF NARRATION THAT DISTINGUISHES THE SEVERAL EVANGELISTS. | 387 | |
| 85. | ISOLATED GROUPS OF ANECDOTES. IMPUTATION OF A LEAGUE WITH BEELZEBUB, AND DEMAND OF A SIGN. | 391 | |
| 86. | VISIT OF THE MOTHER AND BRETHREN OF JESUS. THE WOMAN WHO PRONOUNCES THE MOTHER OF JESUS BLESSED. | 394 | |
| 87. | CONTENTIONS FOR PRE-EMINENCE AMONG THE DISCIPLES. THE LOVE OF JESUS FOR CHILDREN. | 396 | |
| 88. | THE PURIFICATION OF THE TEMPLE. | 399 | |
| 89. | NARRATIVES OF THE ANOINTING OF JESUS BY A WOMAN. | 402 | |
| 90. | THE NARRATIVES OF THE WOMAN TAKEN IN ADULTERY, AND OF MARY AND MARTHA. | 409 | |
| IX. | MIRACLES OF JESUS. | 413 | |
| 91. | JESUS CONSIDERED AS A WORKER OF MIRACLES. | 413 | |
| 92. | THE DEMONIACS, CONSIDERED GENERALLY. | 415 | |
| 93. | CASES OF THE EXPULSION OF DEMONS BY JESUS, CONSIDERED SINGLY. | 423 | |
| 94. | CURES OF LEPERS. | 437 | |
| 95. | CURES OF THE BLIND. | 441 | |
| 96. | CURES OF PARALYTICS. DID JESUS REGARD DISEASES AS PUNISHMENTS? | 452 | |
| 97. | INVOLUNTARY CURES. | 457 | |
| 98. | CURES AT A DISTANCE. | 462 | |
| 99. | CURES ON THE SABBATH. | 471 | |
| 100. | RESUSCITATIONS OF THE DEAD. | 476 | |
| 101. | ANECDOTES HAVING RELATION TO THE SEA. | 496 | |
| 102. | THE MIRACULOUS MULTIPLICATION OF THE LOAVES AND FISHES. | 507 | |
| 103. | JESUS TURNS WATER INTO WINE. | 519 | |
| 104. | JESUS CURSES A BARREN FIG-TREE. | 527 | |
| X. | THE TRANSFIGURATION OF JESUS, AND HIS LAST JOURNEY TO JERUSALEM. | 535 | |
| 105. | THE TRANSFIGURATION OF JESUS CONSIDERED AS A MIRACULOUS EXTERNAL EVENT. | 535 | |
| 106. | THE NATURAL EXPLANATION OF THE NARRATIVE IN VARIOUS FORMS. | 537 | |
| 107. | THE HISTORY OF THE TRANSFIGURATION CONSIDERED AS A MYTHUS. | 540 | |
| 108. | DIVERGING ACCOUNTS CONCERNING THE LAST JOURNEY OF JESUS TO JERUSALEM. | 546 | |
| 109. | DIVERGENCIES OF THE GOSPELS, IN RELATION TO THE POINT FROM WHICH JESUS MADE HIS ENTRANCE INTO JERUSALEM. | 549 | |
| 110. | MORE PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE ENTRANCE. ITS OBJECT AND HISTORICAL REALITY. | 553 | |
| HISTORY OF THE PASSION, DEATH AND RESURRECTION OF JESUS. | 561 | ||
| I. | RELATION OF JESUS TO THE IDEA OF A SUFFERING AND DYING MESSIAH; HIS DISCOURSES ON HIS DEATH, RESURRECTION, AND SECOND ADVENT. | 563 | |
| 111. | DID JESUS IN PRECISE TERMS PREDICT HIS PASSION AND DEATH? | 563 | |
| 112. | THE PREDICTIONS OF JESUS CONCERNING HIS DEATH IN GENERAL; THEIR RELATION TO THE JEWISH IDEA OF THE MESSIAH: DECLARATIONS OF JESUS CONCERNING THE OBJECT AND EFFECTS OF HIS DEATH. | 567 | |
| 113. | PRECISE DECLARATIONS OF JESUS CONCERNING HIS FUTURE RESURRECTION. | 574 | |
| 114. | FIGURATIVE DISCOURSES, IN WHICH JESUS IS SUPPOSED TO HAVE ANNOUNCED HIS RESURRECTION. | 576 | |
| 115. | THE DISCOURSES OF JESUS ON HIS SECOND ADVENT. CRITICISM OF THE DIFFERENT INTERPRETATIONS. | 582 | |
| 116. | ORIGIN OF THE DISCOURSES ON THE SECOND ADVENT. | 591 | |
| II. | MACHINATIONS OF THE ENEMIES OF JESUS; TREACHERY OF JUDAS; LAST SUPPER WITH HIS DISCIPLES. | 599 | |
| 117. | DEVELOPMENT OF THE RELATION OF JESUS TO HIS ENEMIES. | 599 | |
| 118. | JESUS AND HIS BETRAYER. | 602 | |
| 119. | DIFFERENT OPINIONS CONCERNING THE CHARACTER OF JUDAS, AND THE MOTIVES OF HIS TREACHERY. | 607 | |
| 120. | PREPARATION FOR THE PASSOVER. | 611 | |
| 121. | DIVERGENT STATEMENTS RESPECTING THE TIME OF THE LAST SUPPER. | 614 | |
| 122. | DIVERGENCIES IN RELATION TO THE OCCURRENCES AT THE LAST MEAL OF JESUS. | 621 | |
| 123. | ANNOUNCEMENT OF THE BETRAYAL AND THE DENIAL. | 626 | |
| 124. | THE INSTITUTION OF THE LORD’S SUPPER. | 631 | |
| III. | RETIREMENT TO THE MOUNT OF OLIVES, ARREST, TRIAL, CONDEMNATION AND CRUCIFIXION OF JESUS. | 635 | |
| 125. | AGONY OF JESUS IN THE GARDEN. | 635 | |
| 126. | RELATION OF THE FOURTH GOSPEL TO THE EVENTS IN GETHSEMANE. THE FAREWELL DISCOURSES IN JOHN, AND THE SCENE FOLLOWING THE ANNOUNCEMENT OF THE GREEKS. | 640 | |
| 127. | ARREST OF JESUS. | 649 | |
| 128. | EXAMINATION OF JESUS BEFORE THE HIGH PRIEST. | 653 | |
| 129. | THE DENIAL OF PETER. | 658 | |
| 130. | THE DEATH OF THE BETRAYER. | 662 | |
| 131. | JESUS BEFORE PILATE AND HEROD. | 669 | |
| 132. | THE CRUCIFIXION. | 677 | |
| IV. | DEATH AND RESURRECTION OF JESUS. | 691 | |
| 133. | PRODIGIES ATTENDANT ON THE DEATH OF JESUS. | 691 | |
| 134. | THE WOUND BY A SPEAR IN THE SIDE OF JESUS. | 697 | |
| 135. | BURIAL OF JESUS. | 701 | |
| 136. | THE WATCH AT THE GRAVE OF JESUS. | 705 | |
| 137. | FIRST TIDINGS OF THE RESURRECTION. | 709 | |
| 138. | APPEARANCES OF THE RISEN JESUS IN GALILEE AND IN JUDEA, INCLUDING THOSE MENTIONED BY PAUL AND BY APOCRYPHAL WRITINGS. | 718 | |
| 139. | QUALITY OF THE BODY AND LIFE OF JESUS AFTER THE RESURRECTION. | 728 | |
| 140. | DEBATES CONCERNING THE REALITY OF THE DEATH AND RESURRECTION OF JESUS. | 735 | |
| V. | THE ASCENSION. | 745 | |
| 141. | THE LAST COMMANDS AND PROMISES OF JESUS. | 745 | |
| 142. | THE SO-CALLED ASCENSION CONSIDERED AS A SUPERNATURAL AND AS A NATURAL EVENT. | 749 | |
| 143. | INSUFFICIENCY OF THE NARRATIVES OF THE ASCENSION. MYTHICAL CONCEPTION OF THOSE NARRATIVES. | 752 | |
| CONCLUDING DISSERTATION. THE DOGMATIC IMPORT OF THE LIFE OF JESUS. | 757 | ||
| 144. | NECESSARY TRANSITION FROM CRITICISM TO DOGMA. | 757 | |
| 145. | THE CHRISTOLOGY OF THE ORTHODOX SYSTEM. | 758 | |
| 146. | OBJECTIONS TO THE CHRISTOLOGY OF THE CHURCH. | 764 | |
| 147. | THE CHRISTOLOGY OF RATIONALISM. | 767 | |
| 148. | THE ECLECTIC CHRISTOLOGY OF SCHLEIERMACHER. | 768 | |
| 149. | CHRISTOLOGY INTERPRETED SYMBOLICALLY. KANT. DE WETTE. | 773 | |
| 150. | THE SPECULATIVE CHRISTOLOGY. | 777 | |
| 151. | LAST DILEMMA. | 779 | |
| 152. | RELATION OF THE CRITICAL AND SPECULATIVE THEOLOGY TO THE CHURCH. | 781 |
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