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David Machin
Medical Statistics
Читать книгу Medical Statistics - David Machin - Страница 1
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Вернуться на страницу книги Medical Statistics
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Страница 1
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Medical Statistics A Textbook for the Health Sciences
Страница 8
Preface
1 Uses and Abuses of Medical Statistics
Summary
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Why Use Statistics?
1.3 Statistics is About Common Sense and Good Design
Example from the Literature – Drinking Coffee and Cancer (IARC 2018)
1.4 How a Statistician Can Help
Sample Size and Power Considerations
Questionnaires
Choice of Sample and of Control Subjects
Design of Study
Laboratory Experiments
Displaying Data
Choice of Summary Statistics and Statistical Analysis
Medical Statistics and Data Science
2 Displaying and Summarising Data
Summary
2.1 Types of Data
Example from the Literature – Salicylic Acid Plasters for Treatment of Foot Corns
Categorical or Qualitative Data
Nominal Categorical Data
Ordinal Data
Ranks
Numerical or Quantitative Data
Count Data
Measured or Numerical Continuous
Interval and Ratio Scales
2.2 Summarising Categorical Data
Illustrative Example – Salicylic Acid Plasters for Treatment of Foot Corns
Labelling Binary Outcomes
2.3 Displaying Categorical Data
2.4 Summarising Continuous Data
Measures of Location – The Three ‘Ms’ – Mean, Median and Mode
Mean or Average
Example – Calculation of the Mean – Corn Size Data (mm)
Median
Example – Calculation of the Median – Corn Size Data
Mode
Example – Calculation of the Mode – Corn Size Data
Measures of Dispersion or Variability
Range
Example – Calculation of the Range – Corn Size Data
Quartiles and the Interquartile Range
Percentiles
Example – Calculation of the Range, Quartiles, and Inter‐Quartile Range – Corn Size Data
Standard Deviation and Variance
Illustrative Example – Calculation of the Standard Deviation – Foot Corn Size
Why is the Standard Deviation Useful?
Means or Medians?
2.5 Displaying Continuous Data
Dot Plots
Example – Dot Plot – Baseline Corn Size
Histograms
Box and Whisker Plot
Illustrative Example – Box and Whisker Plot – Birthweight by Type of Delivery
Scatter Plots
Illustrative Example – Scatter Plot – Baseline Corn Size by Corn Size at a Three month Follow‐up
Measures of Symmetry
2.6 Within‐Subject Variability
Illustrative Example – Within‐Subject Variability – Total Steps per Day
2.7 Presentation Graphs
Tables
2.8 Points When Reading the Literature
2.9 Technical Details Calculating the Sample Median
Calculating the Quartiles and Inter Quartile Range
2.10 Exercises
3 Summary Measures for Binary Data
Summary
3.1 Summarising Binary and Categorical Data
Ratios, Proportions, Percentages, Risk and Rates
Illustrative Example – RCT of Salicylic Acid Plasters for Treatment of Foot Corns
Labelling Binary Outcomes
Comparing Outcomes for Binary Data
Summarising Comparative Binary Data – Differences in Proportions
Example – Summarising Results from a Clinical Trial – Corn Plasters RCT: Differences in Proportions
Summarising Comparative Binary Data – Relative Risk
Example – Summarising Results from a Clinical Trial – Corn Plasters RCT: Relative Risk
Summarising Comparative Binary Data – Number Need to Treat
Example – Summarising Results from a Clinical Trial – Corn Plasters RCT: NNT
Issues with NNT – Always Consider all the Risks
Example – Importance of Considering both Absolute Risk and Relative Risk
Summarising Binary Data – Odds and Odds Ratios
Example – Summarising Results from a Clinical Trial– Corn Plasters: Odds Ratio
Why Should One Use the Odds Ratio?
The Odd Ratios are Symmetrical but the Relative Risk Is Not
How Are Risks Compared?
3.2 Points When Reading the Literature
3.3 Exercises
4 Probability and Distributions
Summary
4.1 Types of Probability
Examples of Addition and Multiplication Rules – Using Dice Rolling
Probability Distributions for Discrete Outcomes
4.2 The Binomial Distribution
Example – Probability of Corn Resolving
4.3 The Poisson Distribution
Example from the Literature – IV Treated Exacerbations in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis
4.4 Probability for Continuous Outcomes
4.5 The Normal Distribution
How Do We Use the Normal Distribution?
Illustrative Example – Normal Distribution – Birthweights
4.6 Reference Ranges
Worked Example – Reference Range – Birthweight
4.7 Other Distributions
t
‐distribution
Chi‐squared Distribution
F
‐distribution
Uniform Distribution
4.8 Points When Reading the Literature
4.9 Technical Section Binomial Distribution
Poisson Distribution
Normal Distribution
4.10 Exercises
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