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1 Chapter 2Table 2.1 Baseline characteristics of participants in a randomised control tr...Table 2.2 Treatment centre for 202 patients with corns who were recruited to ...Table 2.3 Cross‐tabulation of treatment centre by randomised group for 202 pa...Table 2.4 The 16 corn sizes ordered and ranked from smallest to largest.Table 2.5 Calculating the median, quartiles, and interquartile range for the ...Table 2.6 Calculation of the variance and standard deviation for 16 subjects ...Table 2.7 Frequency distribution the size of the corn, in mm, at baseline for...

2 Chapter 3Table 3.1 Anatomical site of foot corn of 201 patients with cornsTable 3.2 Cross‐tabulation of anatomical site of corn by gender for 201 patie...Table 3.3 Example of two by two contingency table with a binary outcome and t...Table 3.4 Corn healing rates at three‐months post‐randomisation in patients w...Table 3.5 Seven scenarios with the same NNT but different risks.Table 3.6 Comparison of RR and OR for different baseline rates.Table 3.7 Example of a two by two contingency table with a binary outcome (al...Table 3.8 Risk of an individual dying (D) in one year or developing an advers...Table 3.9 Results of randomised controlled trial in primary care in patients ...

3 Chapter 4Table 4.1 Selected probabilities associated with the Normal distribution.

4 Chapter 5Table 5.1 Population parameters and sample statistics.Table 5.2 Population parameters of the Normal, Binomial and Poisson distribut...Table 5.3 Population parameters of the Normal, Binomial and Poisson distribut...Table 5.4 Haemorrhoid recurrence rates, in HAL and RBL groups, at 12 months a...Table 5.5 Index corn size, in millimetres, over time by group.

5 Chapter 6Table 6.1 Distance walked, in metres, on an ESWT in (a sample of 13 out of 16...Table 6.2 Relationship between Type I and Type II errors and significance tes...Table 6.3 Population parameters of the Normal and Binomial distributions, the...Table 6.4 Index corn size, in millimetres, over time by group.

6 Chapter 7Table 7.1 VAS pain scores, at baseline and three months, in 30 patients treat...Table 7.2 Computer output for pairedt‐test.Table 7.3 Example computer output for Wilcoxon signed rank test.Table 7.4 PHQ‐9 scores at six‐month post‐randomisation in 39 patients with po...Table 7.5 Computer output from the two independent samplest‐test.Table 7.6 Computer Output for Mann–WhitneyU test.Table 7.7 Self‐reported quality of life, SF‐36 general health, by cancer type...Table 7.8 Computer output from the one‐way ANOVA.Table 7.9 Computer output from the Kruskal–Wallis test.Table 7.10 Computer output from the two independent samplest‐test and Welch t...Table 7.11 Ranked differences in VAS pain scores between baseline and three m...Table 7.12 Ranked PHQ‐9 scores at six‐month post‐randomisation in 39 patients...Table 7.13 Tied PHQ‐9 scores at six‐month post‐randomisation in 28 patients.Table 7.14 One‐way ANOVA table to compareg group means.Table 7.15 Self‐reported, physical functioning scores, in eight patients with...Table 7.16 EQ‐5D VAS score at six‐month post‐randomisation by group in 39 str...

7 Chapter 8Table 8.1 Computer output for the chi‐squared test for the HubBle trial data.Table 8.2 Observed and expected cell counts for the HubBle trial data.Table 8.3 Calculation of the chi‐squared statistic for HubBle trial data.Table 8.4 Haemorrhoid recurrence rates, inHAL (haemorrhoidal artery ligation)...Table 8.5 Airway hyper‐responsiveness (AHR) status before and after stem ce...Table 8.6 Notation for unmatched 2 × 2 table. Number of subjects classified b...Table 8.7 Resolution of diarrhoea associated withC. difficile infection witho...Table 8.8 Tables with more extreme ways of distributing the 12 patients still...Table 8.9 Presence or absence of gingivitis according to mouth rinse schedule...Table 8.10 Contingency tables for calculation of the exact test.Table 8.11 Number of patients examined and the number and proportion with the...

8 Chapter 9Table 9.1 Relationship between sample size and value of correlation coefficie...Table 9.2 Interpretation of the values of the sample estimate of the correlat...Table 9.3 Typical computer output from linear regression model of birthweight...Table 9.4 Output obtained from a multiple regression of birthweight on gestat...Table 9.5 Estimated regression coefficients from the multiple linear regressi...Table 9.6 Statistical methods for relationships between two variables measure...Table 9.7 The distance walked, in metres, on a6 minutes walking test (6MWT) i...Table 9.8 The distance walked, in metres, and ranks of the distance walked in...Table 9.9 Residuals for the linear regression of distance walked (Distance_aft...Table 9.10 Estimated regression coefficients from the multiple linear regress...

9 Chapter 10Table 10.1 Relationship between corn healed status and randomised group in 18...Table 10.2 Output obtained from a logistic regression analysis with outcome v...Table 10.3 Output obtained from a multiple logistic regression analysis with ...Table 10.4 Output obtained from a multiple logistic regression model with out...Table 10.5 Associations between use of stimulant substances and crashes in lo...Table 10.6 Output obtained from a multiple logistic regression model with out...Table 10.7 Contingency table of outcome values in which each cell has individ...Table 10.8 Output from the Hosmer–Lemeshow test from the logistic regression ...Table 10.9 Classification table from logistic regression model using the corn...Table 10.10 Output obtained from a multiple logistic regression model with ou...

10 Chapter 11Table 11.1 Illustration of calculations for the Kaplan–Meier survival curve f...Table 11.2 Illustration of calculations for the logrank test for a random sam...Table 11.3 Cox multivariate proportional hazards regression model for 674 pat...Table 11.4 Output obtained from a multiple Cox proportional hazards regressio...

11 Chapter 12Table 12.1 ICC values for reliability of items in the PAQLQ.Table 12.2 The possible outcomes for a single observer reviewing the same mat...Table 12.3 Guideline values of κ to indicate the strength of agreement.Table 12.4 Pathologist agreement resulting from independent reviews of the sa...Table 12.5 FEV₁ (litres) for four patients measured on two occasions.Table 12.6 Responses to three questions and total score for four subjects.Table 12.7 Radiologist agreement resulting from independent reviews of the sa...Table 12.8 Responses to six questions on being safe careful and total score f...Table 12.9 Central lung distance (CLD), in mm, measured on two occasions by a sin...

12 Chapter 13Table 13.1 Notation and results of themulti‐parametric magnetic resonance ima...Table 13.2 Four measures used to summarise the performance of a diagnostic te...Table 13.3 Predicted effect on MRI scan results for a prevalence of abnormali...Table 13.4 Comparison of diagnostic test summary measures of the accuracy of ...Table 13.5 Ninety‐five percent confidence intervals for the MRI scan data.Table 13.6 Example of acreening tests with (a) 100% sensitivity and (b) with ...Table 13.7 Results of completing the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale amo...Table 13.8 Number of subjects above and below 10 on the EPDS by true diagnosi...Table 13.9 Results of new blood test for diagnosis of bowel cancer in a sampl...

13 Chapter 14Table 14.1 Number of deaths from prostate cancer in males and breast cancer i...Table 14.2 Calculation of the indirect age standardised mortality ratio for p...Table 14.3 Survival pre‐ and post‐availability of a CT scan.Table 14.4 Notation for a cohort study.Table 14.5 Results of a slate workers study.Table 14.6 Notation for an unmatched case–control study.Table 14.7 Results from a case–control study on glioma and mobile phone use.Table 14.8 Notation for a matched case–control study.Table 14.9 Results of matched case control study to investigate the possible ...Table 14.10 A hypothetical illustration of Simpson's paradox.Table 14.11 Mortality in relation to smoking – 20 years' observations on male...Table 14.12 Results from a case–control study on lung cancer and smoking.Table 14.13 Results of matched case control study to investigate the possible...

14 Chapter 15Table 15.1 Phases of pharmaceutical clinical trials.

15 Chapter 16Table 16.1 Sample sizen per group for the comparison of two anticipated or pl...Table 16.2 Sample size N required to estimate the anticipated prevalence (π_Plan) ...Table 16.3 Flat rules of thumb for external pilot trial sample sizes (for a t...Table 16.4 Table ofZ values from the Normal distribution for various α a...

16 Chapter 17Table 17.1 Mean SF‐36 pain scores over time by treatment group with all valid...Table 17.2 Mean SF‐36 pain scores over time by treatment group with patients ...Table 17.3 Response features suggested in Matthews et al. (1990).Table 17.4 Unadjusted and adjusted differences in mean follow‐up SF‐36 pain o...Table 17.5 Poisson regression of the number of exacerbations treated with IV ...Table 17.6 Missing data pattern from the low back pain trial.Table 17.7 Baseline characteristics of patients by treatment group.Table 17.8 Baseline characteristics of all randomised patients (N = 239) by t...Table 17.9 Observed and imputed Prolapse and Incontinence Sexual function Ques...Table 17.10 Distance walked, in metres, on asix‐minute walking test (6M...Table 17.11 Bootstrap 95% confidence intervals for the mean difference in dis...

17 Chapter 18Table 18.1 Mobile phone based interventions for smoking cessation.Table 18.2 Output from meta‐analysis programme.Table 18.3 Comparison of MI versus no treatment with an outcome of smoking ce...

18 Chapter 19Table 19.1 Method of delivery of births at NHS hospitals in England in 2016 a...Table 19.2 Summary statistics for SF‐36 Mental Health dimension score at six ...Table 19.3 Mean SPADI scores over time by randomised treatment group from the...Table 19.4 Mean SPADI scores over time by randomised treatment group from the...Table 19.5 Birthweight and one‐month weight of 10 infants.Table 19.6 Mean distance walked pre, post, and change by treatment group in t...Table 19.7 Mean change in distance walked by treatment group in the GymBunny ...Table 19.8 Comparison of new joint failure rate at two years by type of joint...Table 19.9 Paired comparison of new joint failure rate at two years by type o...Table 19.10 Prevalence of obesity in adults aged 16 and over, with a valid he...

19 AppendixTable T1 The Standard Normal distribution. The value tabulated is the probabilit...Table T2 Student t‐distribution. The value tabulated is t_α such that if X i...Table T3 The χ² distribution. The value tabulated is χ²(α), such that if X is di...Table T4 F‐distribution. The value tabulated is F(α, ν₁,ν₂) such that if X ...Table T5 Random numbers table.