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The highest layer of the OSI model, the application layer deals with the techniques that application programs use to communicate with the network. The name of this layer is a little confusing. Application programs (such as Microsoft Office or QuickBooks) aren’t a part of the application layer. Rather, the application layer represents the programming interfaces that application programs use to request network services.

Some of the better-known application layer protocols are

 Domain Name System (DNS): For resolving Internet domain names

 File Transfer Protocol (FTP): For file transfers

 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP): For email

 Server Message Block (SMB): For file sharing in Windows networks

 Network File System (NFS): For file sharing in Unix networks

 Telnet: For terminal emulation