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The intervertebral discs (fibro-cartilaginous cushions) make up to one-quarter of the spinal column’s length, and function as the spine’s shock absorption system. They lie between, and are attached to, the vertebrae of the backbone, and form part of the front wall of the spinal canal. Intervertebral discs are designed to:

 Absorb a huge amount of stress.

 Act as a hinge, permitting increased range of motion and mobility in the spine.

 Protect the spinal cord and its nerve roots.

The discs are made up of two primary layers:

 Annulus Fibrosus – forms the outer edge of the disc and is a strong spherical structure made up of sheets of collagen fibres that are connected to the vertebral end plates (end of the vertebral bodies).

 Nucleus Pulposus – forms the centre of the disc and is a gellike matter that is able to resist great compressive forces.

Since these intervertebral discs do not have a direct blood supply, they are dependant on the end-plates of the vertebral bodies to circulate essential nutrients. Any problems that cause a decrease in the normal exchange of fluids within this area can lead to a host of degenerative conditions.