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 Swan and Ganz first described the pulmonary artery catheter (PAC) in 1970 and it was widely used in the 1980s. However, as more trials were published in the 1990s and 2000s, its popularity declined.

 Connors et al. published a prospective randomized trial in 1996 finding an increased cost, length of stay, and mortality in critically ill patients with a PAC.

 The Fluid and Catheter Treatment Trial compared mortality, ventilator‐free days, and ICU length of stay among patients with acute lung injury and found no significant benefit to PAC in PAC‐directed resuscitation. The use of PAC resulted in no difference in LOS in the ICU or mortality.