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 Pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP): surrogate for left ventricular preload (4–12 mmHg).

 Cardiac output (CO)/cardiac index: measured using the thermodilution technique (reliability of measurement is affected by tricuspid or pulmonary regurgitation or intracardiac shunts):Normal CO: 4–8 L/min.Normal CI: 2.5–4 L/min/m2.