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 AFS 3 and 4 (AFS ≥3) are “large‐volume bleeders” that are or will reliably become anemic from their intraabdominal bleed because, simply put, there is enough intraabdominal blood to cause anemia (see Figures 7.4 and 7.5).

 Generally expect a 20–25% decrease from baseline packed cell volume (PCV) for all dogs and cats.

 In the author's experience, ~1 in 4–5 dogs (unknown in cats) will become severely anemic (dogs PCV <25%; cats PCV <20%), requiring a blood transfusion(s).

 Surgical intervention varies with patient subsets (Table 7.2).

A hemoabdomen decision‐making algorithm for correlating the AFS to the anticipated degree of anemia and decision making in different patient subsets is provided in Table 7.3.