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Bleeding is most commonly medically treated with titrated fluid therapy, blood transfusion(s), and replacement of clotting factors in patients that require more than one transfusion or that are or have become coagulopathic. Surgery is uncommon so think medical treatment first.

 Computed tomography (CT) is the gold standard for detecting injury, whereas AFAST provides indirect evidence through the detection of free fluid.

 Radiography is an unreliable test for free fluid not only in terms of its presence or absence but also its inability to semiquantitate volume (Lisciandro et al. 2009).