Читать книгу The Handbook of Peer Production - Группа авторов - Страница 61

Another element of the grammar of peer production is that projects are characterized by holoptism, as opposed to panopticism (Foucault, 1977) in which only a centralized power can see the whole. Holoptism, from the Greek o&c.rcomab;λος (“whole”) and o&c.comabr;πτικος (“seeing”), is the implied capacity and design of peer production processes that allows participants free access to all the information about the other participants; not in terms of privacy, but in terms of their existence and contributions (i.e., horizontal information) and access to the aims, metrics, and documentation of the project as a whole (i.e., the vertical dimension). This can be contrasted to the panopticism that is characteristic of traditionally hierarchical projects: processes are designed to reserve “total” knowledge for an elite, while participants only have access on a “need to know” basis. In peer production, communication is not top‐down and based on strictly defined reporting rules, but feedback is systemic and integrated in the protocol of the cooperative system.