Читать книгу The Handbook of Peer Production - Группа авторов - Страница 65

One of the essential features of P2P technologies is the liberation from the limitations of time and space. An ever‐larger number of people are not bound to their local circumstances, which includes territory in the virtual sense (e.g., organization or enterprise). This is now possible both for digital and material production. Workers can develop contributory lifestyles, and add and withdraw from paid and unpaid projects throughout their lives.

So, if cosmopolitanism is an ideological reflection of the capitalist mode of production and consumption (Marx & Engels, 1848), cosmolocalism (“cosmopolitanism” + “localism”) is an ideological reflection of peer production (Ramos, 2016; Bauwens et al., 2019). Cosmolocalism however comes partly from the understanding of cosmopolitanism from the Enlightenment. In short, cosmopolitanism asserts that all human beings belong to a single community, based on a shared morality and a shared future (Corradetti, 2017; Taylor, 2010). Cosmolocalism reflects the convergence of the global digital commons of knowledge, software, and design with local manufacturing technologies. Such technologies can be found in community‐driven places such as makerspaces or fablabs. Put simply, what is light (knowledge) becomes global commons, and what is heavy (machinery) is local and shared. Manufacturing, thus, takes place locally for local communities and specialized purposes. For example, see the production of a wide range of artifacts: from agricultural machines for small‐scale farming (Giotitsas, 2019), to low‐cost and customized prosthetic arms and off‐grid wind and hydro‐electric power generators (Kostakis et al., 2018). The shared morality comes through the commons, that is to say, through co‐creating and co‐managing both globally and locally shared resources (digital and physical).

To recap, peer production is based on open inputs; on a participatory process of coordinating the work; and on shared resources as output. This is in sharp contrast with the capitalist mode of production which is based on labor as a commodity in the input phase, hierarchical command following price signals in the production phase, and products and services for sale in the output phase.

We have presented above some of the constitutive components and operational rules of peer production projects, though we do not claim this list is exhaustive. Below, we discuss some of these components and rules in the context of a triarchy of entities within older and more recent ecosystems of peer production.