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Perspectives change as a result of mindfulness in various ways. Participating in mindfulness meditation exercises may impact one’s experience of time (Droit-Volet, Chaulet, & Dambrun, 2018). At its inception, MBSR targeted adults experiencing chronic pain (Kabat-Zinn, 1982) and as a result of MBSR mindfulness instruction, the intensity of physical pain is not reduced, rather the unpleasantness of it is reduced (Perlman, Salomons, Davidson, & Lutz, 2010). Mindfulness shifts the emotional appraisal of that pain (Brown & Jones, 2010). Our family relationships are influenced by how we perceive each other (Adair & Frederickson, 2015). There is a direct link between mindfulness and an individual family member’s perception of the quality of their relationships (Parent et al., 2014).

What about when we consider mindfulness without connecting it to practice? Langer (1989), inquired about mindfulness as a cognitive phenomenon where mindlessness is contrasted with mindfulness. She explores what it means to be mindful. When mindful, one allows new cognitive categories to be created, is aware of more than one perspective, and open to new information and flexible perspective taking. In a sense this is also about how individuals see and experience each moment when more or less mindful. Later researchers wonder about mindfulness as a disposition (DM) or trait. DM is (a) inversely related to psychopathological symptoms (depression), (b) associated with better emotional regulation and processing, and (c) positively linked to “adaptive cognitive processes” (decreased pain catastrophizing and rumination) (Tomlinson, Yousaf, Vitterso, & Jones, 2018).