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Bacteria are prokaryotes (Figure 1.6a) and include two distinct categories: archaebacteria or archaea (“ancient” bacteria) and eubacteria (“true” bacteria). The group containing almost all the species used in industrial bioprocesses is eubacteria (Waites et al. 2001) and will, therefore, be detailed below.

Eubacteria group could be divided into 12 subgroups: (i) Proteobacteria; (ii) Gram‐positive eubacteria; (iii) Cyanobacteria; (iv) Chlamydia; (v) Planctomyces and Pirella; (vi) Bacteroides and Flavobacteria; (vii) Green sulfur bacteria; (viii) Spirochetes and relatives; (ix) Deinococci, radioresistant micrococci, and relatives; (x) Green nonsulfur bacteria and anaerobic phototrophs; (xi) Thermotoga and Thermosulfobacteria; and (xii) Aquifex. Only two of them are of industrial interest: the proteobacteria and the Gram‐positive eubacteria.