Читать книгу Encyclopedia of Glass Science, Technology, History, and Culture - Группа авторов - Страница 2

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2  Volume I Title Page Copyright Page List of Contributors Preface Select Additional Reading General Introduction 1 A Historical Random Walk 2 Some Basic Concepts of Glass Science References Appendix A Section I.: Glassmaking 1.1 Glass Production: An Overview 1 Introduction 2 Industrially Manufactured Glasses 3 Process‐controlling Properties 4 Glass Composition – its Relevance to Glass Properties 5 Perspectives References 1.2 Raw Materials for Glassmaking: Properties and Constraints 1 Introduction 2 Raw‐material Specifications 3 From Raw Materials to Melt 4 Special Raw Materials 5 Perspectives References 1.3 Fusion of Glass 1 Introduction 2 Overview of Industrial Processes 3 Batch Preparation 4 The Conversion of Batch into Melt 5 Fining, Refining, Homogenization 6 Energetics of Glass Melting 7 Perspectives Appendix References 1.4 Primary Fabrication of Flat Glass 1 Introduction 2 Overview 3 Updraw Processes 4 Roll Out Process 5 Float Process 6 Downdraw Processes 7 Perspectives References 1.5 Fabrication of Glass Containers 1 Introduction 2 Principles of Glass‐Container Forming 3 Glass‐Container Forming Processes 4 Making of the Gob: Forehearth, Feeder, and Shears 5 IS‐Forming Machine 6 Hot‐End Handling, Hot‐End Coating, and Annealing 7 Cold‐End Handling and Inspection 8 Perspectives References 1.6 Continuous Glass Fibers for Reinforcement 1 Introduction 2 Commercial Glass Fibers 3 Manufacturing of Glass Fibers 4 Markets and Applications 5 Perspectives References 1.7 Simulation in Glass Processes 1 Introduction 2 A Brief Overview 3 Fundamental Phenomena, Governing Equations, and Simulation Tools 4 Simulations in Glass Manufacturing Processes: A Few Examples 5 Simulation Data Management 6 Perspectives 4.2 Acknowledgements References Section II.: Structure Reference 2.1 Basic Concepts of Network Glass Structure 1 Introduction 2 The Zachariasen–Warren Random Network Model 3 Silica – The Archetypal Glass 4 Microcrystalline Models 5 Modifiers and Non‐Bridging Oxygens 6 Intermediate‐Range Order 7 Chalcogenide Glasses 8 Perspectives Acknowledgements References 2.2 Structural Probes of Glass 1 Introduction 2 Diffraction (Scattering) 3 X‐ray Absorption Techniques 4 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 5 Vibrational Spectroscopies 6 Other Techniques 7 Perspectives Acknowledgements References 2.3 Microstructure Analysis of Glasses and Glass Ceramics 1 Introduction 2 Acronyms 2 Scanning Electron Microscopy 3 Transmission Electron Microscopy 4 Scanning Probe Microscopy 5 X‐Ray Microscopy 6 Perspectives Acknowledgments References 2.4 Short‐range Structure and Order in Oxide Glasses 1 Introduction 2 One‐component Oxide Glass Formers 3 Modifying the Network: Silicates and Phosphates 4 Modifying the Network: Borates and Germanates 5 Network Cations in Aluminosilicates 6 Short‐range Order and Modifier Cations 7 Interactions of Network Modifiers and Network Order/Disorder 8 Perspectives References 2.5 The Extended Structure of Glass 1 Introduction 2 Extended Structure of Glass: The Need for a Multiplicity of Techniques 3 Structural Order over Different Length Scales 4 Structural Aspects of Density Fluctuations 5 Models of Glass Structure 6 Structural Heterogeneity in Glasses 7 Perspectives Acknowledgments References 2.6 Structure of Chemically Complex Silicate Systems 1 Introduction 2 Glass and Melt Polymerization 3 Metal Oxide–SiO₂ Systems 4 Aluminum and Aluminate 5 Ferric and Ferrous Iron 6 Minor Components in Silicate Glasses and Melts 7 Perspectives References 2.7 Topological Constraint Theory of Inorganic Glasses 1 Introduction 2 Concepts of the Topological Constraint Theory 3 Polyhedral Constraint Theory 4 The Bond Constraint Theory 5 Temperature‐Dependent Constraints 6 Topological Constraint Theory, Thermodynamics, and the Potential Energy Landscape Formalism 7 Perspectives Acknowledgements References 2.8 Atomistic Simulations of Glass Structure and Properties 1 Introduction 2 Basics of Numerical Simulations 3 Monte‐Carlo Simulations 4 Molecular Dynamics Simulations 5 Modeling: Simulation Techniques and Examples 6 Perspectives References 2.9 First‐principles Simulations of Glass‐formers 1 Introduction 2 Ab Initio Simulations 3 Structural Properties 4 Vibrational Properties 5 Calculations of NMR Spectra 6 Perspectives References Section III.: Physics of Glass 3.1 Glass Formation 1 Introduction 2 Glass and Relaxation 3 Kinetic Theory of Vitrification 4 The Viscosity Factor 5 Structural Factors 6 Glass‐Liquid Transition 7 Perspectives Acknowledgements References 3.2 Thermodynamics of Glasses 1 Introduction 2 Basics of Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics 3 Supercooled Liquids 4 Glass as a Nonequilibrium Substance 5 Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics of the Glass Transition 6 Physical Aging 7 Perspectives Acknowledgments References 3.3 The Glass Transition and the Entropy Crisis 1 Introduction 2 Important Concepts and Theories 3 Nonsingular Glass Phenomenology 4 Nonequilibrium Formulation: Brief Review 5 Nonequilibrium Relaxation in Internal Equilibrium 6 The Free Volume and the Communal Entropy 7 The Unifying Approach for Glasses 8 Perspectives Acknowledgement References 3.4 Atomic Vibrations in Glasses 1 Introduction 2 Atomic Vibrations in Disordered Solids 3 Vibrations and Thermal Properties 4 Inelastic Spectroscopy in Glasses 5 Vibrational Spectra 6 The Boson Peak 7 Perspectives Acknowledgments References Additional References for Figure Captions 3.5 Density of Amorphous Oxides 1 Introduction 2 Measuring the Density of Amorphous Oxides 3 Measured Density Variations 4 Practical Applications 5 Perspectives Acknowledgments References 3.6 Thermodynamic Properties of Oxide Glasses and Liquids 1 Introduction 2 Thermodynamic Functions 3 Low‐temperature Heat Capacity and Entropy 4 High‐temperature Properties 5 Reaction Thermodynamics 6 Perspectives Acknowledgments References 3.7 Structural and Stress Relaxation in Glass‐Forming Liquids 1 Introduction 2 Structural Relaxation: A Few Examples 3 Structural Relaxation 4 Shear Viscoelasticity 5 Bulk Viscoelasticity 6 Perspectives References 3.8 Hyperquenched Glasses: Relaxation and Properties 1 Introduction 2 Fictive Temperature and Cooling Rates 3 Sub‐T_g Relaxation 4 Anomalous Relaxation 5 Modeling of Sub‐T_g Relaxation 6 Boson Peak 7 Resolving Glass Problems Via Hyperquenching‐Annealing Calorimetry 8 Perspectives References 3.9 Polyamorphism and Liquid–Liquid Phase Transitions 1 Introduction 2 Acronyms 2 Liquid–Liquid Phase Transitions and Polyamorphism 3 Classic Systems Exhibiting Polyamorphism 4 Perspectives References 3.10 Pressure‐Induced Amorphization 1 Introduction 2 First Observation of PIA: Metastable Melting vs. Mechanical Destabilization of Ice Ih 3 SiO₂ and AlPO₄: “Memory Glass” Effects 4 SnI₄ and Cu₂O: Examples of Compositionally Driven Instability 5 Nanocrystalline Materials 6 Zeolites as Examples of “Perfect Glass” Formation 7 Configurational Energy Landscapes 8 Perspectives References 3.11 Mechanical Properties of Inorganic Glasses 1 Introduction 2 The Importance of Flaws 3 Moduli and Hardness 4 Fracture Toughness and Strength 5 Flaws and Strength 6 Chemically Assisted Crack Growth – Stress Corrosion 7 Improving the Practical Strength of Glass 8 Perspectives References 3.12 Strengthening of Oxide Glasses 1 Introduction 2 Strength and Stresses 3 Elimination of Surface Flaws 4 Thermal Strengthening 5 Chemical Strengthening 6 Strengthening by Coating 7 Perspectives Acknowledgments References 3.13 Radiation Effects in Glass 1 Introduction 2 Point Defects 3 Vitreous Phase Stability and Bubble Formation 4 Glass Network Evolution Under Irradiation 5 Optical Properties 6 RIA and Emission 7 Effect on Mechanical Properties 8 Mitigation of Radiation Effects 9 Perspectives References 3.14 Amorphous Ices 1 Introduction 2 Ice Phase Transitions 3 Predictions of Glass–Glass and Liquid–Liquid Transitions 4 Numerical Applications to Water 5 Supercluster Formation at the Glass Transition of Strong Liquids 6 Perspectives References Section IV.: Transport Properties 4.1 Viscosity of Glass‐Forming Melts 1 Introduction 2 General Aspects and Definitions 3 Structural Aspects 4 Technological Aspects 5 Temperature Dependence of Viscosity 6 Composition Dependence 7 Dependence on Time and Strain Rate 8 Dependence on Microstructure 9 Perspectives References Appendix Supplementary References 4.2 Ionic and Electronic Transport 1 Introduction 2 Ionic Conductivity and Diffusion 3 Ionic Transport Mechanisms 4 Ionic Transport Above the Glass Transition: An Entropic Mechanism 5 Electronically Conductive Glasses 6 Perspectives References 4.3 Diffusion in Oxide Glass‐forming Systems 1 Introduction 2 Physical and Chemical Description of Diffusion 3 Experimental Methods for Determining Diffusivity 4 Influence on Diffusivity of Species Properties 5 Compositional Control 6 Temperature and Pressure Effects 7 Insights from Molecular Dynamics Simulations 8 Perspectives Acknowledgments References 4.4 Chemical Diffusion in Multicomponent Glass‐forming Systems 1 Introduction 2 Conceptual and Experimental Approaches 3 Tracer vs. Chemical Diffusion 4 Diffusion in Multicomponent Systems 5 Available Chemical Diffusion Data 6 Perspectives Acknowledgments References 4.5 Thermal Diffusivity and Conductivity of Glasses and Melts 1 Introduction 2 Theory 3 Measurement Techniques 4 Thermal Diffusivity and Conductivity Data: Key Variables 5 Perspectives Acknowledgments References 4.6 Atomistic Simulations of Transport Properties 1 Introduction 2 MD Simulations: Conditions and Potentials 3 Dynamics 4 Insights into Dynamic Heterogeneities 5 Mixed Alkali Effect 6 Glass Transition and Thermodynamic Scaling 7 Perspectives References Section V.: Chemistry of Glass 5.1 Chemical Analyses and Characterization of Glass 1 Introduction 2 Gravimetry and Glass Digestion 3 X‐Ray Fluorescence 4 Inductively Coupled Plasma Methods 5 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy 6 Microprobe Analyses 7 Special Elements 8 Resistance to Chemical Attack 9 Analyses of Glass Defects 10 Perspectives Acknowledgments References 5.2 Phase Equilibria and Phase Diagrams in Oxide Systems 1 Introduction 2 Thermodynamic Principles 3 Basic Topological Types of Binary T–x Diagrams 4 Ternary Diagrams 5 Some Phase Diagrams for Glass‐Forming Systems 6 Perspectives References 5.3 Thermodynamic Models of Oxide Melts 1 Introduction 2 General Considerations 3 Thermodynamic Models 4 First‐Principles Calculations 5 Perspectives References 5.4 Nucleation, Growth, and Crystallization in Inorganic Glasses 1 Introduction 2 Crystal Nucleation and Classical Nucleation Theory 3 Basic Models of Crystal Growth in Supercooled Liquids 4 Overall Crystallization and Glass‐forming Ability: The Johnson–Mehl–Avrami–Kolmogorov Approach 5 Perspectives Acknowledgments References 5.5 Solubility of Volatiles 1 Introduction 2 Principles and Concepts 3 Reactive Volatiles in Silicate Glass and Melt 4 Nonreactive Volatiles in Silicate Glass and Melt 5 Perspectives References 5.6 Redox Thermodynamics and Kinetics in Silicate Melts and Glasses 1 Introduction 2 Oxidation/Reduction Thermodynamics 3 Oxidation/Reduction Kinetics 4 Open‐System Redox Dynamics 5 Closed‐System (or Internal) Redox Dynamics 6 Perspectives References 5.7 Optical Basicity: Theory and Application 1 Introduction: The Need for a Suitable Basicity Scale for Oxide Melts 2 Theoretical Foundation of Optical Basicity 3 Redox Equilibria in Network Melts 4 Optical Basicity and Electronic Polarizability 5 Chemical Reactions: Changes in Structure and Bonding 6 High and Low Optical–Basicity Materials 7 Optical Basicity and Electronegativity 8 Perspectives 4.3 Acknowledgment References 5.8 The Glass Electrode and Electrode Properties of Glasses 1 Introduction 2 Types and Properties of Glass Electrodes 3 Glass Structure as Viewed by the Glass Electrode 4 Theories of the Glass Electrode 5 Perspectives References 5.9 Electrochemistry of Oxide Melts 1 Introduction 2 Thermodynamics of Redox Equilibria 3 Experimental Aspects 4 Standard Potentials and Equilibrium Constants 5 Diffusion Coefficients 6 Voltammetric Sensors: Quantitative Determinations of Polyvalent Elements 7 Impedance Spectroscopy 8 Perspectives References 5.10 Glass/Metal Interactions 1 Introduction 2 Wetting, Sticking, and Adhesion Phenomena 3 Control of High‐Temperature Chemical Interactions at the Metal/Molten Glass Interface 4 Characterization of the Glass/Metal Interaction 5 Corrosion of Metals and Alloys by Molten Glass 6 Perspectives References 5.11 Durability of Commercial‐type Glasses 1 Introduction 2 Chemical Processes and Parameters 3 Alteration as Related to Glass Composition 4 Post‐Production Corrosion of Flat and Container Glass 5 Characterization Methods 6 Protection Methods 7 Perspectives References 5.12 Mechanisms of Glass Corrosion by Aqueous Solutions 1 Introduction 2 Early Models 3 Leached‐layer Model 4 Coupled Interfacial Dissolution‐Reprecipitation (CIDR) 5 Rates of Dissolution and Element Release 6 Perspectives Acknowledgments References Section VI.: Glass and Light 6.1 Optical Glasses 1 Introduction 2 Basic Features 3 Transmitted Light T_in 4 Glass Properties 5 Glass Responses 6 Interaction of Optical Components with Light 7 Perspectives References 6.2 The Color of Glass 1 Introduction 2 Background on Color Processes 3 Crystal‐Field‐Driven Glass Color 4 Variation of Glass Coloration 5 Temperature Dependence of the Optical Absorption Spectra of Glasses: Thermochromism 6 Charge‐Transfer Processes: From Amber Glasses to Lunar Glasses 7 Absorption by Organized Clusters and Nanophases 8 Perspectives References 6.3 Photoluminescence in Glasses 1 Introduction 2 Inelastic Light Scattering Through Photoluminescence 3 Photoluminescence and Glass Chemistry 4 Efficiency, Lifetime, and Quenching Effects 5 Applications 6 Perspectives References 6.4 Optical Fibers 1 Introduction 2 Optical Properties and Fiber Designs 3 Optical Fiber Glasses 4 Optical Fiber Fabrication 5 Applications 6 Perspectives Acknowledgments References 6.5 Fluoride and Chalcogenide Glasses for Mid‐infrared Optics 1 Introduction 2 Glass Transparency in the Infrared Region 3 Fluoride Glasses: Formation and Structure 4 Applications of Fluoride Glasses 5 Chalcogenide Glasses 6 Chalcogenide Glass Applications 7 Perspectives References 6.6 Optoelectronics: Active Chalcogenide Glasses 1 Introduction 2 Active Chalcogenide Glasses Doped with Rare‐Earth Ions 3 Optical Fiber Amplifiers 4 Mid‐Infrared Lasers 5 Chalcogenide Quantum Dots 6 Perspectives Acknowledgments References 6.7 Modification Technologies of Glass Surfaces 1 Introduction 2 Hot‐End Processes in Glass Production 3 Cleaning 4 Strengthening 5 Modification of the Surface Topography 6 Structuring and Texturing 7 Applications 8 Perspectives Acknowledgments References 6.8 Thin‐Film Technologies for Glass Surfaces 1 Introduction 2 Acronyms 2 Deposition Techniques 3 Thin Films 4 Transparent Conducting Oxides 5 Miscellaneous Uses 6 Perspectives Acknowledgments References 6.9 Glass for Lighting 1 Introduction 2 Glass for Incandescent and Electric Discharge Lamps 3 Glass for Solid‐State Lighting 4 Perspectives References 6.10 Screens and Displays 1 Introduction 2 Cathode‐Ray Tubes 3 Glasses for Flat‐Panel Displays 4 Liquid‐Crystal Displays 5 Plasma‐Display Panels 6 Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes 7 Device Configuration 8 Perspectives References

3  Volume II Title Page Copyright Page List of Contributors Preface Select Additional Reading Section VII.: Inorganic Glass Families 7.1 Extraterrestrial Glasses 1 Introduction 2 Chondrules: The Oldest Glasses of the Solar System 3 The Lunar Glass‐Bead Factory 4 Cosmic Spherules 5 Terrestrial Versus Extraterrestrial 6 Perspectives Acknowledgements References 7.2 Geological Glasses 1 Introduction 2 Compositional Diversity of Natural Glasses 3 Fulgurites: The Petrified Lightnings 4 Impact‐Related Glasses 5 The Basalt Factory 6 Siliceous Glasses 7 The Fate of Natural Glasses 8 Compositional vs. Rheological Variability 9 Perspectives Acknowledgments References 7.3 Corrosion of Natural Glasses in Seawater 1 Introduction 2 From Basalt Glass to Palagonite 3 Seafloor Basalt Alteration by Abiotic and Biotic Processes 4 Alteration Enhancement by Microorganism Metabolic Processes 5 Biotic Corrosion Models 6 Abiotic Corrosion Models 7 The Abiotic vs. Biotic Alteration Debate 8 Which Mechanism Controls Basalt Glass Corrosion? 9 Perspectives Acknowledgements References 7.4 Metallurgical Slags 1 Introduction 2 Basic Constraints: A Summary 3 From Composition to Reactivity 4 Slag Properties 5 Transport Properties 6 Thermodynamic Properties 7 Perspectives References 7.5 Water Glass 1 Introduction 2 Fabrication of Water Glass 3 Materials and Chemical Stability and Structure 4 Properties of Water Glass 5 Applications of Water Glass 6 Perspectives References 7.6 Borosilicate Glasses 1 Introduction 2 Borosilicate Applications 3 Vycor: A Composition–Structure Case Study 4 Structural Aspects 5 Temperature and Pressure Variations of Network Structure 6 Perspectives Acknowledgments References 7.7 Glass for Pharmaceutical Use 1 Introduction 2 Glass Products and Types 3 Production of Pharmaceutical Glasses and Containers 4 Physical Resistance 5 Chemical Resistance 6 Surface Interactions with Pharmaceutical Products 7 Internal/External Treatments for Chemical/Mechanical Resistance 8 Perspectives References 7.8 Oxynitride Glasses 1 Introduction 2 Solubility of Nitrogen in Glasses 3 Glass Formation in M–Si–Al–O–N Systems and Its Representation 4 Structure of Oxynitride Glasses 5 Effects of Composition on Properties 6 Oxynitride Glass–Ceramics 7 Phosphorus Oxynitride Glasses 8 Lower‐Temperature Preparation Methods 9 Perspectives References 7.9 Phosphate Glasses 1 Introduction 2 Structure 3 Synthesis 4 Physical Properties 5 Optical Properties 6 Chemical Properties 7 Other Applications 8 Perspectives References 7.10 Bulk Metallic Glasses 1 Introduction 2 Glass Formation 3 Structure 4 Mechanical Properties 5 Deformation Behavior at Room Temperature 6 Magnetism: Properties and Applications 7 Other Properties and Applications 8 Perspectives References 7.11 Glass‐Ceramics 1 Introduction 2 History and Present Uses of Glass‐Ceramics 3 Properties of Glass‐Ceramics 4 Examples of Glass‐Ceramics 5 Perspectives References Section VIII.: Organically Related Glasses 8.1 Biogenic Silica Glasses 1 Introduction 2 A Slowly Awakening Scientific Interest 3 Biogenic Silica 4 The Low‐Temperature Silica Factories 5 Biomimetism and Applications 6 Biogenic Silica in the Global Ecosystem 7 Perspectives Acknowledgments References 8.2 Sol–Gel Process and Products 1 Introduction 2 Sol–Gel Processing 3 Advantages and Drawbacks of the Sol–Gel Process 4 Sol–Gel Products and Applications 5 Perspectives References 8.3 Silica Aerogels 1 Introduction 2 Synthesis 3 Properties 4 Applications 5 Markets and Industrial Production 6 Silica Hybrid Aerogels, Aerogel Composites, and Non‐silica Aerogels 7 Perspectives References 8.4 Bioactive Glasses 1 Introduction 2 Melt‐Derived Bioactive Glasses 3 Bioactive Sol–Gel Glasses 4 Degradation and Apatite Formation 5 Biological Response 6 Therapeutic Ions in Bioactive Glasses 7 Applications of Bioglasses 8 Perspectives References 8.5 Dental Glass‐Ceramics 1 Introduction 2 History and Present Uses of Dental Glass‐Ceramics 3 Properties of Dental Glass‐Ceramics 4 Examples of Dental Glass‐Ceramics 5 Perspectives References 8.6 Relaxation Processes in Molecular Liquids 1 Introduction Acronyms 2 From the Boiling Point Down to the Glass Transition 3 Binary Glass‐Forming Liquids 4 Secondary Relaxations 5 Plastic and Glassy Crystals 6 Perspectives Acknowledgments References 8.7 Physics of Polymer Glasses 1 Introduction 2 Polymeric Chains 3 Polymeric Liquids 4 Polymer Transformations 5 Glass Transitions and Aging 6 Polymer Products 7 Perspectives References 8.8 Introduction to Polymer Chemistry 1 Introduction Acronyms 2 Polymer Synthesis 3 Polymerization Processes 4 The Solid State 5 Perspectives Acknowledgments References 8.9 Hybrid Inorganic–Organic Polymers 1 Introduction 2 Sol–Gel for Hybrid Materials 3 Coatings 4 Particles 5 Bulk Materials, Fibers, and Composites 6 Perspectives Acknowledgments References Section IX.: Environmental and Other Issues 9.1 Structural Glass in Architecture 1 Introduction 2 Scheme Design 3 Float‐Glass Processing for Structural Applications 4 Design and Detailing 5 Connections 6 Perspectives References 9.2 Tempered and Laminated Glazing for Cars 1 Introduction 2 A Brief History from the Early Twentieth Century to Today's Huge Market 3 Glazing Functions 4 Manufacturing 5 Perspectives Acknowledgement References 9.3 Stone and Glass Wool 1 Introduction 2 Classification of Man‐Made Vitreous Wool 3 Fiber Spinning Technologies 4 Melt Viscosity and Fiber Spinnability 5 Physical Properties of Stone and Glass Wool 6 Biopersistence and Biodurability 7 Perspectives References 9.4 Glasses for Solar‐energy Technologies 1 Introduction 2 The Energy Problem 3 Solar Electricity 4 Solar Heat 5 Solar Fuels 6 Solar Water Treatments 7 Perspectives References 9.5 Sulfide‐glass Electrolytes for All‐solid‐state Batteries 1 Introduction 2 Classification of All‐solid‐state Batteries 3 Sulfide Glasses 4 Sulfide Glasses as Solid Electrolytes 5 Bulk‐type Batteries with Sulfide Electrolytes 6 Interfacial Design 7 Perspectives References 9.6 The World of the Flat‐glass Industry 1 Introduction 2 A Short Overview: Processes and Products 3 The Float‐glass World 4 Perspectives References 9.7 Design and Operation of Glass Furnaces 1 Introduction 2 The Furnace Families 3 Melter 4 Heat Management 5 Furnace Design 6 NO_x Emissions 7 Perspectives References 9.8 Physics and Modeling of Glass Furnaces 1 Introduction 2 Furnace Parameters 3 The Physics of Glass Furnaces 4 Modeling of Glass Furnaces 5 Perspectives Appendix References 9.9 Glass Cullet: Sources, Uses, and Environmental Benefits 1 Introduction 2 Basic Features of Cullet 3 Glass Recycling 4 Separation Technologies 5 Miscellaneous 6 Environmental Aspects 7 Perspectives References 9.10 Immobilization of Municipal and Industrial Waste 1 Introduction 2 Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Residues 3 Environmental Impact of MSWI Residues 4 Special Residues 5 Perspectives References 9.11 Nuclear Waste Vitrification 1 Introduction 2 History of Nuclear Waste Vitrification 3 Nuclear Glasses 4 Long‐Term Stability of Nuclear Glass 5 Industrial Implementation of Nuclear Waste Vitrification 6 Perspectives References 9.12 The International Commission on Glass (ICG) 1 Introduction: Origins of ICG and Founding Members 2 ICG as an Organization 3 The ICG Committees 4 Public Activities 5 Perspectives References Section X.: History References Appendix X A Pliny’s Famous Account of the Origin of Glass in His Natural History 10.1 Obsidian in Prehistory 1 Introduction 2 Geological Formation, Properties, and Sources 3 Obsidian Use in Prehistory 4 Obsidian Studies 5 Provenance Analysis Methods 6 The Issue of Obsidian Sources: The European Region 7 Obsidian Artifacts Studied in the Western Mediterranean 8 Obsidian Trade and Socioeconomic Systems 9 Conclusions and Closing Perspectives Acknowledgments References 10.2 Ancient Glass, Late Bronze Age 1 Introduction 2 Early Glass: From Faience to Glassmaking 3 Chemical Composition: The Analytical Standpoint 4 Material Sources 5 The Issue of Provenance 6 The Isotopic Clues 7 Perspectives References 10.3 Roman Glass 1 Introduction 2 Glass Synthesis 3 Provenance and Location of Glassmaking 4 Color Generation and Control 5 Secondary Production and Consumption 6 Recycling, Shifts in Production, and Decline 7 Perspectives References 10.4 Glass and the Philosophy of Matter in Antiquity 1 Introduction 2 Near Eastern Views on Glass 3 The Glass of the Greek Philosophers 4 Glass and Alchemy 5 The Byzantine Connection 6 Perspectives References 10.5 Ancient Glassworking 1 Introduction 2 Basic Features of Glass Shaping 3 Early Shaping Methods 4 The Slow Blowing Revolution 5 Decoration 6 Special Techniques 7 Secondary Glassworking 8 A Short Retrospective Overview 9 Perspectives References 10.6 Glazes and Enamels 1 Introduction 2 Preparation and Thermal Constraints 3 Composition and Microstructure 4 Coloration 5 Enamels 6 Glazes 7 Perspectives References 10.7 Venetian Glass 1 Introduction 2 Raw Materials and Glassmaking 3 The Origins of Venetian Glass 4 Venetian Renaissance Glass 5 Façon de Venise Glass and Competition 6 Other Italian Glassmaking Traditions 7 Perspectives Acknowledgments References 10.8 Stained Glass Windows 1 Introduction 2 Making Glass Sheets 3 Social Context 4 Glass Decoration 5 Leading 6 Later Trends: Nineteenth to Twentieth Century 7 Conservation 8 Perspectives Acknowledgments References 10.9 Furnaces and Glassmaking Processes: From Ancient Tradition to Modernity 1 Introduction 2 The Written Sources 3 Furnaces 4 Plate Glass 5 Container Glass 6 Perspectives Acknowledgments References 10.10 Glass, the Wonder Maker of Science 1 Introduction 2 The Source of Optics 3 The Enabler of Chemistry 4 Hotness and Air Weight Measured 5 From Electrostatics to Subatomic Physics 6 Perspectives Acknowledgments References 10.11 A History of Glass Science 1 Introduction 2 Glass: An Impossible Definition? 3 The Origins 4 The Early Modern Period (Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries) 5 The Chemical Revolution 6 The Crystal Connection 7 The Multiple Roots of Glass Science 8 Perspectives Acknowledgments References 10.12 A History of Glass Science 1 Introduction 2 The Invention of the Glass Museum 3 Glass Museums 4 Types of Glass Collections 5 The Corning Museum of Glass 6 Glass Museums: Purpose and Concerns 7 Perspectives Acknowledgments References 11.1 Postface – A Personal Retrospective References

4  Subject Index

5  Name Index

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