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1 General IntroductionFigure 1 Obsidian core found in the sixth to fifth millennia BCE Aknashen Ne...Figure 2 The delicate stone knapping of an arrowhead made possible by obsidi...Figure 3 The striking stone‐knapping difference between a biface (left) and ...Figure 4 The abundant beds of black flint present in a 80‐m high limestone c...Figure 5 The strong contrast between the potential energy changes induced by...Figure 6 Viscosity relaxation of window glass(a) Time dependence of the ...Figure 7 Viscosity of window glass; solid line VFT fit to the data; dashed l...Figure 8 Volume effects of the glass transition. (a) Linear thermal expansio...Figure 9 Frequency dependence of the glass transition range. (a) Compression...Figure 10 Time dependence of the boundary between the glass and liquid phase...Figure 11 Pressure dependence of the glass transition of atactic polystyrene...Figure 12 Irreversibility of the glass transition: heat capacity hysteresis ...Figure 13 The calorimetric signature of orientational disorder in cyclohexan...Figure 14 Kinetics of equilibration for the viscosity and volume of E glass....Figure 15 Equivalence of the relaxation kinetics for the enthalpy, volume, a...Figure 16 Relative importance of configurational and vibrational relaxation ...Figure 17 Vibrational and configurational contributions to the volume change...Figure 18 One‐dimensional schematic representation of interatomic potentials...Figure 19 Permanent compaction of polyvinyl acetate after compression at 800...Figure 20 Kauzmann catastrophe for amorphous selenium and ortho‐terphenyl (C Figure 21 Fragility as a measure of the extent of temperature‐induced config...
2 Section IFigure 1 The initial melting step in the making of float glass: the 1‐m deep...
3 Chapter 1.1Figure 1 Glass‐forming systems, classified by chemical composition.Figure 2 Glass production by branches; figures in % in the sequence world/Un...Figure 3 Viscosity–temperature relationship of different glass‐forming syste...Figure 4 Temperature change brought about by a replacement of 1% of SiO₂ by ...Figure 5 Liquidus lines of binary silicate systems (left: by wt, right: by m...Figure 6 Ternary phase diagrams in versions of technological relevance; shor...Figure 7 Miscibility gaps. (a) Extension of stable gaps in ternary borosilic...Figure 8 Change of Young's modulus E in the base glass composition 74 SiO₂ 1...Figure 9 Change of the thermal expansion coefficient α_20–300 in t...Figure 10 Ternary composition diagram of the system Na₂O–B₂O₃–SiO₂ showing i...Figure 11 Hydrolytic stability of different pure oxides in aqueous solution ...
4 Chapter 1.2Figure 1 Comparison between the compositions of the main raw materials used ...Figure 2 Sieve particle size distribution (PSD) curves of the main raw mater...Figure 3 Silica batch stone in a soda‐lime silica glass, resulting from inco...Figure 4 Undissolved chromite crystal in a soda‐lime silica glass as seen un...Figure 5 A feldspar knot with about 20 wt % Al₂O₃, enclosing bubbles (gas in...Figure 6 A sub‐mm‐sized silicon bead surrounded by H₂‐rich gas inclusions in...Figure 7 Increases of iron contamination caused by grinding of quartz made w...
5 Chapter 1.3Figure 1 Absorption bands of Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺, and Cr³⁺ in a glass melt, and radia...Figure 2 Convection cells (vortices) in the melting tank of a glass furnace ...Figure 3 Liquidus temperatures and viscosities (dPa·s) of primary melts form...Figure 4 Early stages of batch melting, manually sketched after the scanning...Figure 5 Schematic view of a dissolving sand grain; the grain is surrounded ...Figure 6 Grain‐size distributions of two different glass‐grade sand qualitie...Figure 7 Dissolution turnover of the two sands of Figure 6 as a function of ...Figure 8 Rising velocity v_SLIP of bubble swarms in a melt at a viscosity of ...
6 Chapter 1.4Figure 1 Very large glass cylinders blown mechanically with the Lubbers proc...Figure 2 Sketch of Fourcault process in cross section. The molten glass flow...Figure 3 Sketch of Colburn process in a bird's‐eye perspective. The molten g...Figure 4 Sketch of the Pittsburg Pennvernon process in cross section. The mo...Figure 5 Sketch of the Asahi process in cross section. The rotatable Asahi b...Figure 6 Sketch of single‐pass wire roll out process (upper part insertion p...Figure 7 Overview of a float‐glass plant (scale not right: size of the right...Figure 8 Equilibrium thickness of floating glass on the molten tin when the ...Figure 9 Sketch of the tin bath part of the float process: (a) on vertical p...Figure 10 Sketch of the float process: (a) for sheets thinner than the equil...Figure 11 Shape and thickness distribution of a 2 mm thick float‐glass ribbo...Figure 12 Simulated thickness distribution at the exit of the bath for 2 mm ...Figure 13 The complex interactions of impurities with the atmosphere, tin ba...Figure 14 Sketch of slot downdraw process in cross section. The molten glass...Figure 15 Sketch of fusion downdraw process in a bird's‐eye perspective. Mol...
7 Chapter 1.5Figure 1 Schematic overview of one section of an Individual‐section machine ...Figure 2 Temperature gradients and interface temperature between contact‐mat...Figure 3 (a–d) Blow & blow process, blank‐side.Figure 4 (a–d) Forming of the final container at the blow‐side (same for all...Figure 5 (a–d) Press & blow process, blank‐side.Figure 6 (a–d) Narrow‐neck press & blow process, blank‐side.Figure 7 Cross section of a modern feeder (double‐gob setup).Figure 8 Performance increase of IS forming machines over the years in conta...Figure 9 A modern pneumatic‐controlled 12‐section double‐gob individual‐sect...Figure 10 Parison just before blow‐mold closing and final container on the b...
8 Chapter 1.6Figure 1 History of commercial continuous fiberglass development (most activ...Figure 2 Schematic illustrations of continuous fiberglass manufacturing proc...Figure 3 Differential scanning calorimetry output of E‐glass batches with an...Figure 4 Viscosity curves of E‐glass, E‐CR‐glass, AR‐glass, D‐glass (derivat...Figure 5 Global GRP composite market shares in America, EMEA, and Asia Pacif...Figure 6 Improvement in fiber properties through compositional changes. (a) ...
9 Chapter 1.7Figure 1 Examples of burner block geometry. (a) Accurate representation with...Figure 2 Example of a screen with small‐scale features requiring a high mesh...Figure 3 Deformed finite element mesh during a simulation of the drawing of ...Figure 4 Fiber radius attenuation: comparison of numerical and experimental ...Figure 5 Sketch of a glass melting furnace for the production of reinforceme...Figure 6 3‐D rendering of temperature contours within a glass furnace heated...Figure 7 Combustion zone of a fiber glass melting furnace. (a) Photo of oxy‐...Figure 8 Results of particle tracking post‐processing: (a) calculated distri...Figure 9 Pathways of sand particles dissolving in glass.Figure 10 Central role of simulation data management in sharing of informati...
10 Section IIFigure 1 The atomic disorder of the glass structure (left) giving way to cry...
11 Chapter 2.1Figure 1 Two‐dimensional representation of a crystal structure for a composi...Figure 2 Two‐dimensional representation of a random network for a compositio...Figure 3 Connection of two corner‐sharing SiO_4/2 tetrahedra by a bridging ox...Figure 4 Ball‐and‐stick model constructed by Bell and Dean for SiO₂ glass [6...Figure 5 Diffraction results for α‐quartz and v‐SiO₂. (a) Neutron diffr...Figure 6 Comparison between the Si─Ô─Si bond angle distributions, V(θ),...Figure 7 Structural units in network glasses: (a) AO_3/2 triangle; (b) AO_3/2 ...Figure 8 Neutron correlation function for lithium disilicate glass [14]. The...Figure 9 Deviations of the relative abundance of Qⁿ‐species in lithium sil...Figure 10 The two differing effects of the addition of a network modifier ca...Figure 11 Boron‐oxygen coordination number, n_BO, for lithium borate glasses,...Figure 12 Germanium‐oxygen coordination number, n_GeO, for cesium germanate g...Figure 13 Two‐dimensional representation of the boroxol ring model for the s...Figure 14 Network connectivity for a Ge─Se glass with a composition close to...
12 Chapter 2.2Figure 1 Structural differences between crystals and glasses revealed by dif...Figure 2 Information drawn for GeO₂ glass from diffraction data. (a) Measure...Figure 3 Typical information drawn from XAS spectra: processes causing the f...Figure 4 EXAFS portion of the XAS spectrum of GeO₂ glass. (a) Background cor...Figure 5 Information drawn from XANES data. (a) Fourfold coordination of Si ...Figure 6 Structure determinations of sodium silicate glasses from ²⁷Al and ¹...Figure 7 Band assignments in infrared absorption spectra of borate glasses o...Figure 8 Band assignments in Raman spectra. (a) In the unpolarized Raman spe...Figure 9 Raman signatures of the different Q species in alkali‐containing si...Figure 10 Evolution of Brillouin spectra with the pressures from which an an...Figure 11 Contributions of Fe²⁺ (light gray) and Fe³⁺ (dark gray) to the Mös...Figure 12 The different oxygen species identified from the XPS O 1s spectrum...
13 Chapter 2.3Figure 1 Interaction volume and main secondary signals occurring when a prim...Figure 2 Scanning electron micrographs of the MAS glass‐ceramic sample: reso...Figure 3 Electron beam paths in the parallel sample illumination mode in TEM...Figure 4 Transmission electron micrographs of the MAS glass ceramics. (a) Br...Figure 5 Working principle of the scanning transmission electron microscope....Figure 6 Comparisons of TEM and STEM images of ZrO₂ crystals in the glassy M...Figure 7 Micrographs of element distribution as determined for the areas sho...Figure 8 Al‐L_2,3 edge EELS spectra of MAS sample areas that represent either...Figure 9 Working principle of the atomic force microscope in the contact mod...Figure 10 Topography (left) and hardness (right) contrasts between spinel an...Figure 11 Three‐dimensional (3‐D) representation of X‐ray microscopy data fr...
14 Chapter 2.4Figure 1 Oxygen linkages in crystalline and glassy CaTiSiO₅ as seen by ¹⁷O M...Figure 2 Radial distribution curves derived in an early X‐ray scattering stu...Figure 3 Two‐dimensional sketch of a mixed network oxide glass such as B₂O₃–...Figure 4 Two‐dimensional representation of the modification of a glass netwo...Figure 5 Silicate structural groups in a high‐pressure, triclinic crystallin...Figure 6 Optical spectra for glasses in which Ni²⁺ coordination changes from...Figure 7 Partial pair distribution functions g_ij(r) calculated from a “rever...
15 Chapter 2.5Figure 1 Visualizing the extended atomic structure characteristic of glass. ...Figure 2 Contrast between the radially averaged local structure T(r) of dire...Figure 3 Contrast between the network structure of SiO₂ (a) and the metallic...Figure 4 Visualization of MD simulations of two tetrahedral glasses with vas...Figure 5 The collective atomic vibrations involved in the boson peak observe...Figure 6 Direct observation of the atomic structures of glasses. (a) Atomic ...Figure 7 Simple two‐dimensional models of glass structure created from spars...Figure 8 Microsegregation in network glasses. (a) Modified random network (M...
16 Chapter 2.6Figure 1 Compositional environment of complex silicate melts and glasses. Pe...Figure 2 Distribution of intertetrahedral angle, ∠(Si–O–Si)^o, in SiO₂ glass ...Figure 3 Energetics of Al,Si substitution along meta‐aluminosilicate joins a...Figure 4 Summary of distribution of charge‐balancing cations (Na⁺ + K⁺ and C...Figure 5 Calculated distribution of NBO/T‐values of major groups of natural ...Figure 6 Distribution of network‐modifying cations (Na⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺) in ...Figure 7 Abundance evolution (mol %) of Q ², Q ³, and Q ⁴ species in alkali ...Figure 8 Enthalpy change, ∆H, for the disproportionation equilibrium, 2Qⁿ Figure 9 Activation energy of viscous flow of aluminosilicate melts along th...Figure 10 Distribution of redox ratio of iron (Fe³⁺/∑Fe) among various commo...Figure 11 Activity coefficient ratio of Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺ in CaO─SiO₂ glasses fo...
17 Chapter 2.7Figure 1 Deformation of a finite network of four nodes. Lines represent line...Figure 2 Schematic of a Se‐chain with five seleniums connecting two Ge atoms...Figure 3 Schematic variation of degrees of freedom (f) in three supercooled ...Figure 4 Composition dependence of the glass transition temperature for the ...Figure 5 Variation of fragility with composition in the (a) sodium borate an...Figure 6 Contrast between strong (SiO₂) and highly fragile (O‐Terphenyl, OTP...
18 Chapter 2.8Figure 1 Schematic representation of periodic boundary conditions.Figure 2 Examples of potential energy models: Morse and Buckingham potential...Figure 3 As defined by Eq. (20), total correlation functions T(r) of Mg₂SiO₄ Figure 4 Comparisons between the experimental [13] and simulated [6] X‐ray (...Figure 5 Comparisons between the experimental [13] and simulated [6] X‐ray (...Figure 6 PDF functions in simulated B₂O₃ glass and their structural assignme...Figure 7 Bond angle distribution in simulated B₂O₃ glass.Figure 8 Torsion angle distribution in simulated B₂O₃ glass between BO₃ and ...Figure 9 Ring size distribution in simulated B₂O₃ and SiO₂ glasses [11]. Dat...Figure 10 Vibrational density of states in simulated B₂O₃ glass [6]. See tex...
19 Chapter 2.9Figure 1 Contributions of the various structural units of a sodium borosilic...Figure 2 Neutron and X‐ray structural factors (a and b panel, respectively) ...Figure 3 Structural differences between bulk (BW) and surface (SW) water in ...Figure 4 Effective neutron densities of states for a‐SiO₂ as obtained from a...Figure 5 (a)–(c): Infrared spectra for amorphous SiO₂ as obtained from ab in...Figure 6 Application of ab initio simulations to NMR spectroscopy [29]. (a)
20 Section IIIFigure 1 The influence of quench rate on the physical properties of a window...
21 Chapter 3.1Figure 1 Critical cooling rates for glass formation. Reduced glass transitio...Figure 2 Glass formation ranges in aluminosilicate systems (shaded areas)....Figure 3 Determination of the critical cooling rate from a time temperature ...Figure 4 Entropy of the amorphous and crystalline phases of diopside, CaMgSi Figure 5 Comparison between the heat capacities of amorphous o‐terphenol mea...
22 Chapter 3.2Figure 1 Entropies of the crystal, liquid, supercooled liquid and glass phas...Figure 2 Heat capacity of PVAc measured across the glass transition range by...Figure 3 Configurational heat capacity of PVAc across the glass transition r...Figure 4 Difference between the configurational enthalpy of PVAc and a zero ...Figure 5 Simulated affinities of o‐terphenyl in the glass transition range u...Figure 6 Effect of aging on the heat capacities of PVAc recorded upon heatin...Figure 7 Effect of aging on affinities calculated with the lattice‐hole mode...
23 Chapter 3.3Figure 1 The 2‐D projection of a typical 3‐D trajectory for 100 min for ϕ...Figure 2 Schematic variation of the volume as the liquid is cooled. The free...Figure 3 Schematic variation of the communal entropy S ^comm (a) of the equil...Figure 4 Cell representation of a small region of disordered (a) and ordered...Figure 5 Schematic form of communal entropies in for the equilibrium super...
24 Chapter 3.4Figure 1 Vibrational properties of a disordered diatomic linear chain. (a) E...Figure 2 Low‐temperature thermal properties of SiO₂ phases. (a) Low‐temperat...Figure 3 Dispersion of longitudinal acoustic phonons in vitreous silica (v_LAFigure 4 Raman spectra of v‐SiO₂, α‐quartz, and polycrystalline α‐...Figure 5 Vibrational spectroscopy of v‐SiO₂ and atomic displacements for the...Figure 6 Vibrational spectroscopy of v‐B₂O₃ and atomic displacements for the...Figure 7 Inverse mean free path l ⁻¹(ω, T) of longitudinal acoust...Figure 8 Vibrational excitations in v‐SiO₂. (a) Dispersion curve of acoustic...Figure 9 Vibrational excitations in crystalline and amorphous silicon. (a) D...
25 Chapter 3.5Figure 1 Volume variations in the glass transition range: contrast between t...Figure 2 Imposed variation of temperature (upper panel) and associated effec...Figure 3 Effects of structural changes on the volume properties of TiO₂‐bear...Figure 4 Temperature‐dependent nature of the thermal expansion coefficient o...
26 Chapter 3.6Figure 1 Stability of SiO₂ forms as indicated by the dashed line where they ...Figure 2 Enthalpies of fusion of Na₂SiO₃ and Li₂SiO₃ directly measured by dr...Figure 3 Heat capacity and enthalpy above room temperature of the crystal, g...Figure 4 Relationship between the vibrational density of states, g(ν), ...Figure 5 Low‐temperature heat capacities of alkali disilicate M₂Si₂O₅ glasse...Figure 6 Vibrational entropy of alkali silicate glasses (solid symbols) and ...Figure 7 Vibrational entropy of SiO₂ and GeO₂ glasses and polymorphs against...Figure 8 Vibrational entropy of crystals (open squares) and glasses (solid c...Figure 9 Influence of the coordination state of aluminum on the partial mola...Figure 10 Calorimetric boson peak of SiO₂ glass and polymorphs. Data sources...Figure 11 Calorimetric boson peak of SiO₂ (S) and alkali silicate glasses....Figure 12 First peak of the vibrational density of states of alkali silicate...Figure 13 Universal representation of the calorimetric boson peak with the r...Figure 14 The highly contrasting changes in the heat capacities of some sili...Figure 15 Mean heat capacity, C_m = (H_T − H₂₇₃)/(T − 273), of some aluminosil...Figure 16 Calorimetric determination of the residual and configurational ent...Figure 17 Comparison between residual entropies derived from calorimetric an...Figure 18 Enthalpies of solution of aluminosilicate glasses along binary joi...
27 Chapter 3.7Figure 1 Prestressing/toughening of a glass plate.Figure 2 Imaginary separation of glass into two thermal reservoirs containin...Figure 3 Single exponential exp(−t/τ) versus stretched exponential exp(...Figure 4 Density measurements of Hara and Suetoshi on soda‐lime‐glass during...Figure 5 Typical DSC of an “optically” (i.e. slowly) cooled BK7 sample. Heat...Figure 6 (a–h) Subsequent adjustment of the TNM(MRS) model parameters τFigure 7 Comparison of a thermal shrinkage experiment on BK7 (solid line) wi...Figure 8 Maxwell model for viscoelasticity: spring in series with a dashpot ...Figure 9 Voigt model for viscoelasticity: spring in parallel to a dashpot. zFigure 10 Definition of shear angle ε.Figure 11 Typical time‐dependent response of glass to constant shear stress....Figure 12 Burger model.Figure 13 Single exponential function exp(−t/τ) versus Kohlrausch(–Will...Figure 14 Oscillating shear.Figure 15 Three‐point‐bending.Figure 16 Asymmetric four‐point‐bending.Figure 17 DMA on Borofloat33 in the asymmetric four‐point‐bending mode (a = ...Figure 18 Deformation under pressure.Figure 19 Series of a Voigt model and a spring.
28 Chapter 3.8Figure 1 Excess enthalpy of a stone wool as given by the difference between ...Figure 2 Determination of the fictive temperature T_f of the HQ stone wool wi...Figure 3 Effect of the annealing temperature (T_a) on the enthalpy relaxation...Figure 4 Effect of the annealing time (t_a) on the enthalpy relaxation of sto...Figure 5 Isobaric heat capacity (C_p) as a function of temperature (T) showin...Figure 6 Effect of the annealing temperature (T_a) on the ΔC_p curves. (a) HQ ...Figure 7 Effect of the annealing time t_a on the ΔC_p curve. (a) HQ CaP₂O₆ (fr...Figure 8 Influence of structural disorder on the Z(ω) function regarded...Figure 9 Effect of the temperature (T_a) of one‐hour annealing on enthalpy re...Figure 10 Non‐monotonic evolution of the structure factor S(Q) of HQ Cu₄₆Zr₄...
29 Chapter 3.9Figure 1 Schematic relationships between melting curve maxima, liquid–liquid...Figure 2 Schematic depiction of a configurational energy landscape along a o...Figure 3.9.3 Polyamorphism in a‐Si upon compression and decompression. (a) A...Figure 4 Evidence for polyamorphism in Y₂O₃–Al₂O₃ glasses. Optical microscop...
30 Chapter 3.10Figure 1 Two schematic representations of pressure‐induced amorphization. (a...Figure 2 Phase diagram of Cu oxides in stable and metastable regions. At amb...Figure 3 Evidence for pressure‐induced amorphization in nanoporous crystalli...Figure 4 Two scenarios for understanding pressure effects within a configura...
31 Chapter 3.11Figure 1 Schematic cross‐sectional diagrams of indentation. (a) Vicker's, in...Figure 2 Stress components acting on a small element of a body.Figure 3 Schematic plot showing the relationship between Poisson's ratio and...Figure 4 Effect of temperature on elastic moduli. (a) Young's and (b) shear ...Figure 5 Contrast between Vicker’s indentations on “normal” and “anomalous” ...Figure 6 The smooth curved surfaces associated with conchoidal fracture and ...Figure 7 Schematic diagram of a through‐edge crack.Figure 8 Example of a Weibull plot, where σ is the measured strength an...Figure 9 Schematic diagram of subcritical crack growth rate versus applied s...Figure 10 Thermally tempered glass. (a) Parabolic thermal tempering stress d...
32 Chapter 3.12Figure 1 General mechanism of residual surface compression increasing the fr...Figure 2 Flame polishing of the rim of stemware in a glass production facili...Figure 3 Contrast between the cracked edge of a 4‐mm thick mechanically scri...Figure 4 Schematic stress profiles of fully thermally strengthened (safety g...Figure 5 Process scheme of the thermal strengthening process (AT = ambient t...Figure 6 Calculated residual surface and central stresses as a function of t...Figure 7 Residual stress profile for a given thickness as a function of cool...Figure 8 A plot of the number of fragments per square centimeter as a functi...Figure 9 Typical “butterfly” fracture pattern (to the left) with the origin ...Figure 10 Schematic ion‐exchange process Figure 11 Principal stress profile for a chemically strengthened aluminosili...
33 Chapter 3.13Figure 1 Bombardment damage in a Norwegian Gneiss by α rays emitted by ...Figure 2 Irradiation defects in silica glass (from [4, 5]). (a) Main intrins...Figure 3 Radiation‐induced mechanisms in silica‐based materials upon exposur...Figure 4 Main intrinsic and extrinsic parameters defining the levels and kin...Figure 5 Compaction of silica glass induced by neutron irradiation [22].Figure 6 Radiation‐induced attenuation in three samples of a fluorophosphate...Figure 7 Effects of the radiation dose and Yb clusters on the ²F_5/2 lifetime...
34 Chapter 3.14Figure 1 First‐order transformation of hexagonal ice into the high‐density a...Figure 2 Low‐temperature heat capacity of H₂O phases measured upon heating: ...Figure 3 Heat capacity of confined water measured upon heating after elimina...Figure 4 The two glass transitions of amorphous water in calorimetric measur...Figure 5 Heat capacity around the onset of ice crystallization near 235 K [1...Figure 6 Isothermal volume relaxation over 3 hour durations during the trans...Figure 7 Volume changes as a function of pressure and temperature for the tr...Figure 8 Structural similarities of the low‐ and high‐density amorphous ices...Figure 9 Effect of the compression rate on pressure–density curves for isoth...Figure 10 Enthalpy coefficients of supercooled water below T_g. Line 1: relax...Figure 11 Enthalpy coefficients vs. pressure (P) and sharp enthalpy coeffici...Figure 12 Enthalpy coefficients ε_ls, ε_gs, and Δε_lg of liquid ...Figure 13 Phase diagram of supercooled water and strong liquids under pressu...Figure 14 Diagram P,T of first‐order transitions in supercooled water. T_sg :Figure 15 Reduced glass transition temperatures θ_g vs. ε_gs0 (cf. T...
35 Section IVFigure 1 A time immemorial illustration of the slowing‐down effects of visco...
36 Chapter 4.1Figure 1 Flow of Newtonian and non‐Newtonian liquids as characterized by str...Figure 2 Viscosity–temperature range of industrial processes (boxes) and fix...Figure 3 The three viscosity regimes of soda‐lime‐silica melts of similar co...Figure 4 The hard and soft character of a variety of glass‐forming liquids a...Figure 5 Adam–Gibbs (AG) linear representation of the temperature dependence...Figure 6 From strong to fragile liquids: fragility (m) and T_g/T‐scaled repre...Figure 7 From short to long glasses: the poor or good isokomal workability o...Figure 8 Master curve for the Stage II viscosity regime (T_liq > T > T_g) in p...Figure 9 The markedly differing effects of additions of Na₂O to SiO₂ on the Figure 10 Effects of Na₂O content and induced changes in boron speciation on...Figure 11 Influence of the charge‐to‐distance ratio z/R_M–O on the visc...Figure 12 Influence of the Al/(Na + Al) ratio and associated change in alumi...Figure 13 Strongly depressing effects of water content on the viscosity of h...Figure 14 Increasingly slow viscosity relaxation with decreasing temperature...Figure 15 Dependence of the normalized apparent viscosity η_app/η₀ ...Figure 16 From brittle fracture to shear thinning: dependence of viscosity o...Figure 17 Contrasting effects of the volume fractions of rigid solid inclusi...
37 Chapter 4.2Figure 1 Contrast between the Arrhenian and non‐Arrhenian regimes of the low...Figure 2 Composition dependence of the ionic conductivity in alkali silicate...Figure 3 Possible ionic transport mechanisms. (a) Formation of an interstiti...Figure 4 Band scheme for amorphous silicon. (a) Origin of valence and conduc...Figure 5 Electronic conductivity of three V₂O₅–TeO₂–Bi₂O₃ glasses as a funct...Figure 6 Sketch of electron hopping by a phonon‐assisted tunneling process. ...Figure 7 Electronic delocalization during electron transfer between two vana...
38 Chapter 4.3Figure 1 Contrasts between the effects of size and electrical charge on atom...Figure 2 Na and Si diffusivities in natural silicate melts with different de...Figure 3 Differing effects of network‐former coordination changes on He and ...Figure 4 Influence of the glass matrix on Na diffusivity in various types of...Figure 5 The mixed alkali effect as indicated by the variation of Na and Rb ...Figure 6 Convergence of diffusivities in a rhyolitic melt in the high‐temper...Figure 7 Effects of the glass transition (T_g) on the diffusivities of O and ...Figure 8 Pressure effect on diffusivity in alkali borate glasses (a) and nat...
39 Chapter 4.4Figure 1 Differences in CaO and SiO₂ concentration profiles between self‐ (a...Figure 2 Uphill diffusion of CaO in the concentration profiles collected dur...Figure 3 Diffusion profiles of Figure 2 represented in the activity space, n...Figure 4 Diffusion paths viewed in 3‐D around a single melt composition in t...
40 Chapter 4.5Figure 1 Schematic of radiative transfer. Thick black arrows show the entry ...Figure 2 Time–temperature curves and schematic of LFA experiments. Gray curv...Figure 3 Laser‐flash analysis data on D of melts. Compositions in Table 1. S...Figure 4 Comparison of k for type I SiO₂ glass (slightly oxygen‐deficient fu...Figure 5 Comparison of k at high temperature from LFA to contact techniques....Figure 6 Temperature dependence of thermal diffusivity and conductivity for ...Figure 7 Thermal diffusivity as a function of temperature for moldavite and ...Figure 8 Thermal conductivity of obsidians with different crystal contents. ...Figure 9 Thermal conductivity of molten slags (calcium aluminum silicates wi...Figure 10 Correlation between thermal diffusivity and melt fragility. Symbol...Figure 11 Dependence of thermal diffusivity of liquids on density at room te...
41 Chapter 4.6Figure 1 Time regions of mean‐squared displacements as derived from MD simul...Figure 2 Self‐part of the van Hove function of Li⁺ ions in lithium metasilic...Figure 3 Intermediate scattering functions of Li⁺ ions for the eight wave nu...Figure 4 Atomic positions visited in a 6‐Å slice of Li₂SiO₃ glass during a 2...Figure 5 Absolute values of displacements at 500 K of five arbitrary chosen ...Figure 6 Spread of diffusive motion with increasing temperature in lithium m...Figure 7 Singularity (multifractal) spectrum, f(α) for Li ions obtained from...Figure 8 Mixed alkali effect for alkali diffusion in (Li_1−x,K_x)₂SiO₃. ...Figure 9 Mixed alkali effect for alkali diffusion in (Li_1−x,K_x)₂SiO₃. ...
42 Section VFigure 1 Thermodynamics occasionally prevailing over kinetics in glassmaking...
43 Chapter 5.1Figure 1 Flow chart for glass chemical analysesFigure 2 Dendrites of a nepheline of composition (Na_0.7K_0.2Ca_0.07Fe_0.05)Al_0....Figure 3 Glass defect: streak in a float glass as seen and analyzed (Table 4...
44 Chapter 5.2Figure 1 Binodal and spinodal in a binary system A–B. (a) Gibbs free energy ...Figure 2 Binary system A–B with end members miscible only in the melt. (a–f)...Figure 3 Transformation of a two‐eutectic system (a) into a peritectic syste...Figure 4 Binary system with complete miscibility in both the solid and molte...Figure 5 From (a) to (d), the transformation of a spindle‐type into a eutect...Figure 6 Effect of the extent of liquid unmixing on the topology of a binary...Figure 7 Eutectic phase diagram of a ternary system A–B–C. (a) Three‐dimensi...Figure 8 Phase diagram of a hypothetical ternary system with congruently and...Figure 9 Phase equilibria in binary silica–metal oxide systems. Data for Li₂Figure 10 Maxima in the critical temperatures of liquid miscibility in metal...Figure 11 Phase diagram of the ternary system Na₂O–CaO–SiO₂ [21–24]; numbers...Figure 12 Phase diagram of the ternary system Na₂O–B₂O₃–SiO₂ [25]. Melting t...
45 Chapter 5.3Figure 1 Gibbs free energy of formation from the elements at the standard st...Figure 2 Room‐pressure liquidus of the CaO–SiO₂ system derived from the hybr...Figure 3 Ghiorso–Carmichael model [7]. Partial derivative of Gibbs free ener...Figure 4 Component activities in CaO–SiO₂ melts at 1823 K and 1 bar: predict...Figure 5 Integral mixing properties for different values of the interaction ...Figure 6 Solid–liquid equilibria calculated for the CaO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂ system wi...Figure 7 Solid–liquid equilibria calculated for the CaO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂ system wi...Figure 8 The σ‐bonding orbitals of the [Si₄(OH₂)₄] ring resolved at the...
46 Chapter 5.4Figure 1 The classical model of nucleation and possible generalizations. (a)...Figure 2 Experimental nucleation rate data for several silicate glasses. (a)...Figure 3 Crystal growth rates for Li₂O∙2SiO₂ glasses obtained by different a...Figure 4 Crystal morphologies formed by nucleation and growth in glass‐formi...Figure 5 Simulated TTT curves for a BaO∙2TiO₂∙2SiO₂ glass with crystallized ...
47 Chapter 5.5Figure 1 With water as an example, schematic representations of phase relati...Figure 2 Isothermal solubility of pure water in various silicate melts as a ...Figure 3 Speciation of water as molecular H₂O and OH groups in melts of comp...Figure 4 Solubility of carbon dioxide in CaO–MgO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂ melts determined...Figure 5 Calculated proportion of molecular CO₂ and carbonate groups, CO₃, i...Figure 6 Solubility of CO₂ and CO in melts in equilibrium with either pure C...Figure 7 Solubility of oxidized and reduced carbon as a function of Na/Si ra...Figure 8 Solubility of nitrogen in quenched Na₂Si₄O₉ melt as a function of p...Figure 9 Sulfur solubility in Na₂O–SiO₂ melts as a function of redox conditi...Figure 10 Solubility of nonreactive gases in tholeiite basalt melts at ambie...
48 Chapter 5.6Figure 1 Ellingham diagram as modified by Richardson and Jeffes [4]: Δ_r G° (...Figure 2 Ellingham diagram (after [6]) for several oxides in the float‐glass...Figure 3 Kinetic modes for the oxidation of a Fe²⁺‐rich aluminosilicate glas...Figure 4 Schematic illustration of small polaron dynamics in silicate glassm...Figure 5 Open‐system redox dynamics in the NCS‐on‐Sn float‐glass process [6]...Figure 6 Thermodynamic analysis associated with open‐system reduction and cl...
49 Chapter 5.7Figure 1 Optical absorption spectrum (in the UV region) of Pb²⁺ probe ion di...Figure 2 Plot of oxide(‐II) polarizability, α_oxide(‐II), versus o...Figure 3 Plot of oxide(‐II) electronegativity, x_O, in binary oxides M_aO_b, ag...Figure 4 Schematic bonding chart for binary oxides (abbreviated for clarity)...
50 Chapter 5.8Figure 1 Three kinds of glass electrode design for pH and pM measurements. (...Figure 2 Extent of linearity of the E–pH relationship of a 22 mol % Na₂O sil...Figure 3 Structural role of elements as determined from electrode properties...Figure 4 Typical profiles of ion concentrations in the surface layers of gla...
51 Chapter 5.9Figure 1 Experimental set up for measurements of oxygen activities in a glas...Figure 2 Experimental set up for voltammetric measurements in glass melts.Figure 3 Effects of temperature on peak potentials in voltammograms recorded...Figure 4 Effects of (MgO, SiO₂) substitution on peak potentials in voltammog...Figure 5 Voltammetric peak potentials as a function of the MgO concentration...Figure 6 Voltammetric peak potentials of the Cu⁺/Cu²⁺ peak as a function of ...Figure 7 Effect of temperature on the electrochemical series for a glass wit...Figure 8 Arrhenius plot of the diffusion coefficients of various polyvalent ...Figure 9 Arrhenius plot for the mean diffusion coefficients of Cu⁺/Cu²⁺ for ...Figure 10 Voltammogram recorded for a green glass melt (curve 1) and a melt ...Figure 11 Impedance spectra in a melt with the basic composition 16 Na₂O·15 ...Figure 12 Equivalent circuit used to simulate the obtained impedance spectra...Figure 13 Dependence of the Warburg parameter on the superimposed d.c. poten...
52 Chapter 5.10Figure 1 Scheme of a liquid sessile drop in equilibrium with a solid substra...Figure 2 Successive temperature–time steps of the “transferred drop” variant...Figure 3 Scale of formal potential (E_f) at 1050 °C of the main redox couples...Figure 4 Chromium solubility (at %) and residual sulfur content (wt %) in a ...Figure 5 Pathway for the formation of layers at the metal/molten glass inter...Figure 6 Sketch of a working electrode for corrosion characterization of met...Figure 7 Effects of tellurium reduction on platinum stability in argon atmos...Figure 8 Passivation plateau of chromium seen in anode polarization measurem...Figure 9 Anodic polarization curves of Co‐based alloy in borosilicate glass ...
53 Chapter 5.11Figure 1 Cation exchange described by reaction (1) at the surface of a soda‐...Figure 2 Diffusion‐controlled nature of the alteration reaction (1) demonstr...Figure 3 The very strong sensitivity to pH of the solubility of silica glass...Figure 4 Effect of solution renewal on the dissolution kinetics of a soda‐li...Figure 5 Average number of layers of molecular water on the surface of vario...Figure 6 Effect of rinsing on the inner surface of a soda–lime bottle after ...Figure 7 Optical micrography of large CaCO₃ crystal present on the inner sid...
54 Chapter 5.12Figure 1 Cross‐sectional diagrams of early models of an altered glass layer....Figure 2 The distinct chemistry and structure of the three layers of the lea...Figure 3 The interdiffusion zone, gel, and surficial crystalline phases of t...Figure 4 Chemical profiles of pristine glass–hydrated glass interface obtain...Figure 5 Hybrid leached‐layer preferential dissolution model [6] illustrated...Figure 6 Glass corrosion by CIDR. (a) Initial stage: congruent glass dissolu...Figure 7 Corrosion of SON68 borosilicate glass altered at 50 °C in water for...Figure 8 Chemical evolution of SON68 borosilicate glass after one month of c...Figure 9 Complex chemical patterns and prevalent μm‐sized porosity of silica...Figure 10 Aqueous elemental release curves as a function of time measured du...
55 Section VIFigure 1 Coloration in a thirteenth‐century stained glass of Chartres cathed...
56 Chapter 6.1Figure 1 Reflection and refraction of a light hitting a glass surface from t...Figure 2 Light reflected by a glass surface.Figure 3 Light passing through interfaces where the index of refraction is c...Figure 4 Index of refraction of SiO₂ glass (Corning code 7940) from the ultr...Figure 5 Abbe diagram for inorganic glasses and organic polymers. WG, soda‐l...Figure 6 External refraction and total internal reflection in glass. (a) Ref...Figure 7 Relationship between absorption peak and refractive index.Figure 8 Absorption spectrum of window glass.Figure 9 Effect of composition on room‐temperature refractive indices at 589...Figure 10 Refraction of a light beam coming from the left and traveling para...
57 Chapter 6.2Figure 1 French stained glass from the thirteenth century (cf. Figure VI). (...Figure 2 Glass coloration as examined from the standpoints of absorption and...Figure 3 Successive splittings of d‐orbitals of transition elements in diffe...Figure 4 Influence of the electronic configuration on the optical absorption...Figure 5 Optical spectra and structural models explaining the color of purpl...Figure 6 Effect of nickel coordination on the absorbance spectra (derived fr...Figure 7 Molar extinction coefficients of Cr³⁺ in K‐, Na‐, and Li‐trisilicat...Figure 8 Influence of the nature of the alkali cation on the intensity but n...Figure 9 Variation of Cr³⁺ crystal‐field splitting, represented as the cryst...Figure 10 Linear absorbance spectra of Cr³⁺ and (CrO₄)²⁻ in soda‐lime‐...Figure 11 Green Cr‐containing glasses turning yellow at ca. 500 °C, a direct...Figure 12 Modification of the optical absorption spectrum of Cr³⁺ in a potas...Figure 13 Coloration arising from charge transfer processes. (a) Dark color ...Figure 14 Transmittance curves for the crown glass used for Photogray Extra®...
58 Chapter 6.3Figure 1 Photoluminescent glasses involving, from left to right, doping with...Figure 2 Electronic transitions in sodium. (a) Electronic configuration of a...Figure 3 Elastic and inelastic scattering of red (top) and green (bottom) la...Figure 4 Spectral characteristics of photoluminescence from Eu³⁺‐doped glass...Figure 5 Different schemes of photoluminescence: (a) downconversion in a thr...Figure 6 Sensitization through co‐doping: an efficient absorption in a certa...Figure 7 Excited state configuration of various trivalent rare earth ions. T...Figure 8 Photoluminescence from Cr³⁺ in a phosphate glass matrix (simplified...Figure 9 Simplified representation of the electronic states in some opticall...
59 Chapter 6.4Figure 1 Colladon's experiment with flowing water as a waveguide [1].Figure 2 Dispersion curves for silica (top) and for selected MOF/PCF fibers ...Figure 3 “V‐curves” of theoretical attenuation as a function of wavelength f...Figure 4 (a) Total internal reflection, single/multi/and GI fiber designs, (...Figure 5 Sketch of the chemical vapor deposition process (a) modified chemic...Figure 6 Sketch of the fiber‐draw process.
60 Chapter 6.5Figure 1 Influence of atomic weight and bond strength on the infrared transp...Figure 2 Shift to lower wavelengths and intensity increase with temperature ...Figure 3 Structure of ZrF₄ glass reticulated by ZrF₇ or ZrF₈ polyhedral unit...Figure 4 Comparison between the infrared transparencies of silica and fluori...Figure 5 Production of a single‐mode preform (C) from two Se–Te vitreous all...Figure 6 Optical configuration of a single‐mode fluoride fiber used for lase...Figure 7 Laser emission of rare earth‐doped fibers. (a) Comparison between t...Figure 8 Structure of chalcogenide glasses as determined by solid‐state NMR....Figure 9 High‐precision molding of chalcogenide glasses as lenses ready to b...Figure 10 Ceramization of chalcogenide glass disks in which the controlled s...Figure 11 The outstanding optical properties a TAS (Te–As–Se) glass fiber in...Figure 12 Fiber evanescent‐wave spectroscopy (FEWS). (a) Absorption of the e...
61 Chapter 6.6Figure 1 Effect of the nature of the alkali halide added on the emission spe...Figure 2 Effect of the CsBr fraction x on the emission spectra of Tm³⁺ in (1...Figure 3 Effect of the Ho³⁺ concentration on the emission spectrum of doped ...Figure 4 Dependence of multiphonon relaxation rates at room temperature on e...Figure 5 Temperature dependence of multiphonon relaxation rates in Dy³⁺ [6]....Figure 6 Radial distribution functions of Tm³⁺ ions determined from EXAFS re...Figure 7 Emission spectra of Dy³⁺ in Ge–Ga–Sb–Se glasses for the concentrati...Figure 8 Effect of 0.1 mol % codoping on the emission spectra of Dy³⁺‐bearin...Figure 9 Emission measurements on a Ge–Ga–Sb–Se fiber doped with 0.02 mol % ...Figure 10 Emission spectra of Pr³⁺ singly doped Ge–Ga–Sb–Se glasses. (a) Eff...Figure 11 Effect of codoping on the emission spectra of selenide glasses dop...Figure 12 Influence of the pumping wavelength on the fluorescence emission s...Figure 13 The physics of a semiconducting quantum dot. (a) Zero‐dimensional ...Figure 14 Absorption spectra of PbS quantum dots in a silicate glass. (a) Sh...Figure 15 Two‐band photoluminescence of CdS quantum dots in a silicate glass...Figure 16 Room‐temperature optical properties of PbSe quantum dots in a glas...Figure 17 Evaluation from TEM image analyses of the number density of PbS qu...Figure 18 Effect of the size of CdSe quantum dots in silicate glass on LED c...
62 Chapter 6.7Figure 1 Basic processes of glass‐surface technology.Figure 2 Flame polishing in production.Figure 3 Optical profilometry images of glassware surface that is formed by ...Figure 4 Glassware partially corroded (in the middle part) during dishwashin...Figure 5 Sketch of the flame‐polishing process: evaporation and condensation...Figure 6 Holes about 1 μm in diameter formed after dishwashing as seen in he...Figure 7 White‐light interferometry image of a patterned glass surface [20]....Figure 8 Process flow of the aluminum‐induced texturing method.Figure 9 Atomic‐force micrograph of a textured glass surface after the alumi...Figure 10 Application fields of modified glass surfaces: present situation a...
63 Chapter 6.8Figure 1 Overview of the most common physical and chemical processes for thi...Figure 2 Cross‐sections of models of the initial modes of thin‐film growth f...Figure 3 Anatase (TiO₂) thin films deposited at 200 °C on float‐glass surfac...Figure 4 Density ranges of TiO₂ thin films deposited by traditional (sol gel...Figure 5 Spectral transmission and reflectance of indium‑tin oxide films (th...Figure 6 Decrease of light transmission with an increasing number of Ag laye...Figure 7 The actual multilayer structure of low‐emissivity glasses: the thin...Figure 8 Light transmission of a series of soda‐lime float glass: (a) standa...
64 Chapter 6.9Figure 1 Yablochkov’ candle: an electric arc produced by two carbon electrod...Figure 2 Sketch of an incandescent lamp.Figure 3 Automotive lamps with either a metal (left) or a wedge (right) base...Figure 4 Sketch of a tungsten‐halogen lamp.Figure 5 Various types of fluorescent lamps: straight tube, circular line, c...Figure 6 Sketch of a high‐pressure mercury lamp.Figure 7 Sketch of a commercial white LED.Figure 8 A quantum dot packaging under development.Figure 9 A simplified sketch of the light‐emitting mechanism of an OLED.Figure 10 Effects of the indices of refraction of the glass substrate and IT...Figure 11 Inclusion of a highly refractive glass and a light‐diffusive struc...
65 Chapter 6.10Figure 1 The many different functions of glass in a cellular phone. The exam...Figure 2 Size increase with time of mother glass in TFT‐LCD.Figure 3 An early image produced by William Crookes (1832–1919) with a catho...Figure 4 Sketch of a television cathode‐ray tube.Figure 5 Thermal compaction of a glass upon structural relaxation in the gla...Figure 6 Thermal compaction upon annealing near the glass transition range. ...Figure 7 Sketch of a liquid‐crystal display. Alkali‐free glasses are used fo...Figure 8 Sketch of a plasma‐display panel. High‐strain‐point glasses are use...Figure 9 Sketch of an organic light‐emitting diode. Transparent electrode (I...Figure 10 Functions of the optical filter of a plasma‐display panel.
66 Section VIIFigure 1 The oldest known glass phases, dating back to the beginnings of the...
67 Chapter 7.1Figure 1 Ferromagnesian chondrules and calcium, aluminum‐rich inclusions cem...Figure 2 Within glassy matrices, the varying textures of chondrules in the S...Figure 3 Time–temperature pathway for the formation of chondrules and calciu...Figure 4 Lunar colorful glass beads collected by the Apollo 15 and 17 missio...Figure 5 (a) Petrographic thin section of Apollo 16 regolith breccia 60016 w...Figure 6 Stony cosmic spherules; largest about 300 μm in diameter. Scanning ...Figure 7 Influence of the initial speed and angle of entry in the atmosphere...Figure 8 Meteoroids entry in the Earth's atmosphere. Most tiny particles bur...Figure 9 Sketch of silicate melt ascent in planetesimals. Moderate radiogeni...
68 Chapter 7.2Figure 1 Compositions of natural glasses in the simplified total alkalis vs....Figure 2 Fulgurites. (a) Silica fulgurite as seen along the horizontal axis ...Figure 3 Libyan Desert glass, with polished surface produced by sand blastin...Figure 4 Tektite from the Australasian strewn field. Aerodynamic shape resul...Figure 5 Pseudotachylite as formed by melting of a gneiss (consisting mainly...Figure 6 Pelé's hair and tears (small black droplets) from the Piton de la F...Figure 7 Reticulite from unknown origin.Figure 8 Crystallinity contrasts in columnar basalt as seen in thin sections...Figure 9 Coexisting crystals, glass and bubbles in a rapidly quenched lava f...Figure 10 Bubble generation in a volcanic conduit (at the top of the fragmen...Figure 11 Obsidian from Armenia showing layering of transparent and banded o...Figure 12 Blade edges from a lab compressed banded obsidian. Tiny lighter po...Figure 13 Apache tears: a perlite with obsidians inclusions from Superior, A...Figure 14 Viscosity range (in log units of Pa·s) for natural magmas and some...
69 Chapter 7.3Figure 1 After the onset of colonization (panel A), biotic glass corrosion m...Figure 2 Putative microbial alteration of glass. (a) TEM image of glass and ...Figure 3 Biologically mediated glass alteration model based on congruent dis...Figure 4 Abiotic alteration (t₀–t₄, panels A–E). Palagonite rinds form at th...Figure 5 Alteration of sideromelane (basaltic glass) by seawater. (a) SEM im...Figure 6 Corrosion of glass and formation of palagonite by dissolution–repre...Figure 7 Abiotic corrosion of basaltic glass. Palagonite rim initially forms...
70 Chapter 7.4Figure 1 Sketch of the continuous casting process. (a) Ladle, tundish, and m...Figure 2 Sketch of slag/metal entrapment. (a) Metal flow pattern in the mold...Figure 3 Composition ranges for metallurgical slags shown as a ternary diagr...Figure 4 Ellingham diagram: Gibbs free energy of the reactions x M + O₂ = M_xFigure 5 Values of ln viscosity (dPa s) at 1900 K for various silicates and ...Figure 6 Effect of the polymerization parameter Q on viscosity. (a) Values o...Figure 7 Effect of the polymerization parameter Q on the electrical resistiv...Figure 8 Thermal conductivity of Na₂O–CaO–SiO₂ slags of similar composition....
71 Chapter 7.5Figure 1 Process scheme for the productions of water glass and related mater...Figure 2 Ternary diagram Na₂O–SiO₂–H₂O; crystalline Na₂O⋅SiO₂⋅nH₂O with diff...Figure 3 Concentrations of silicate species in equilibrium with colloidal si...Figure 4 Mass content of colloidal size classes measured by dynamic light sc...Figure 5 Effect of dilution with deionized water on the pH of sodium water g...
72 Chapter 7.6Figure 1 The Na₂O·B₂O₃·SiO₂ phase diagram, with estimated compositional limi...Figure 2 Coexistence of B(III) and B(IV) in Pyrex glass as clearly revealed ...Figure 3 Variations of boron speciation upon processing of Vycor glass shown...Figure 4 Compositional dependence of fourfold coordinated boron in alkali bo...Figure 5 Effect of Si–B substitution on boron speciation in 17 Na₂O·x B₂O₃·(...Figure 6 ¹¹B MAS NMR spectra for (a) a boron‐rich glass with composition 17 ...Figure 7 Increase in the B(IV) fraction in a sodium borosilicate glass upon ...Figure 8 Effects of permanent densification on the boron speciation of two b...
73 Chapter 7.7Figure 1 Different glass container types: ampoule, vial, syringe, and cartri...Figure 2 Distribution of pharmaceutical glass containers in terms of product...Figure 3 Segmentation of the value (€) of the different container types, yea...Figure 4 The Danner and Vello glass‐tubing processes, drawing glass horizont...Figure 5 Forming process from glass tube to vial. The various steps include ...Figure 6 Schematic representation of a glass container production line. Diff...Figure 7 As apparent in a probability plot for vertical breaking of cartridg...Figure 8 Mechanism of glass delamination in pharmaceutical glass vials. Inse...Figure 9 Tungsten residues of the inner surface of a syringe cone as seen as...
74 Chapter 7.8Figure 1 Jänecke's triangular prism for the Y–Si–Al–O–N system showing the c...Figure 2 Bridging of SiO₄ tetrahedra. (a) Via a bridging oxygen connecting t...Figure 3 Average number of nitrogen atoms bonded to each silicon as a functi...Figure 4 Linear increases of Young's modulus of oxynitride glasses with incr...Figure 5 Glass‐transition temperature (T_g) of oxynitride glasses increases l...Figure 6 Effect of nitrogen content on viscosity (log scale) for oxynitride ...Figure 7 Schematic plot showing the combined effects of cation field strengt...
75 Chapter 7.9Figure 1 The Qⁿ speciation of phosphate groups. Resonances indicated by d...Figure 2 Exponential increase in the theoretical chain length of phosphates ...Figure 3 Changes of Qⁿ speciation as a function of composition apparent i...Figure 4 The dramatic effect of strong modifiers on glass transition tempera...Figure 5 Contrast between the effects of composition on viscosity at high te...Figure 6 Abbe diagram for a range of different glass types (Chapter 6.1), ba...Figure 7 Continuously produced bars of phosphate glass highly doped with neo...
76 Chapter 7.10Figure 1 A typical DSC thermogram of a metallic glass crystallizing though m...Figure 2 Two‐step glass transition of Au₄₉Cu_26.9Ag_5.5Pd_2.3Si_16.3 in heat‐cap...Figure 3 Room‐temperature cell of glassy Fe produced by a molecular‐dynamics...Figure 4 Pair‐distribution function of a Cu–Zr–Ti alloy determined from sync...Figure 5 The first two Gaussian peaks at 298 K of the pair‐distribution func...Figure 6 The structure of Zr_62.5Cu_22.5Fe₅Al₁₀ glass directly observed by ele...Figure 7 Bright‐field transmission electron micrograph showing a two‐phase s...Figure 8 Electron‐microscopy micrographs of a porous Pd_42.5Cu₃₀Ni_7.5P₂₀ glas...Figure 9 Comparison between the compressive stress–strain curves of porous (...Figure 10 Electron microscopy micrographs of icosahedral quasicrystals in th...Figure 11 The wavy, or serrated, stress‐deformation relationship of a 2 : 1 ...Figure 12 Strain–stress curves of a 1 : 2 (height to diameter ratio) cylinde...Figure 13 Thermal properties of the Zr_62.5Cu_22.5Fe₅Al₁₀ glass cylinders afte...Figure 14 Schematic representation of strain‐rate dependence of the fracture...Figure 15 Stress and stress drops as a function of plastic strain for the cy...Figure 16 Boundary between the amorphous (left) and crystalline (right) phas...Figure 17 The three successive deformation regimes A, B, and C in the strain...Figure 18 A typical magnetization curve of a Fe–Co‐based metallic glass.Figure 19 Scanning electron microscopy microphotographs: (a) and (b) are Si ...Figure 20 The structure of a Zr–Pd metallic nanoglass studied by scanning el...Figure 21 A bulk metallic glass piece: a 5‐cm long Zr–Cu–Fe–Al alloy rod.
77 Chapter 7.11Figure 1 Code 9606 glass‐ceramic, containing cordierite as main crystalline ...Figure 2 The two limiting case of crystal growth in glass [6]. Top: homogene...Figure 3 Crystal nucleation and growth in a lithium aluminosilicate glass as...Figure 4 Diversity of microstructures in terms of crystal sizes and shapes o...Figure 5 Projection along the c axes of the crystal structures of β‐quartz (...Figure 6 Examples of Eurokera products made from glass‐ceramics containing a...Figure 7 Relative transparency of glass‐ceramics produced by Eurokera as ind...Figure 8 Sketch of the machinable glass Fotoform and machinable glass‐cerami...Figure 9 Examples of pieces produced from machinable Macor glass‐ceramic (Co...
78 Section VIIIFigure 1 The astonishing shaping versatility of biogenic amorphous silica: t...
79 Chapter 8.1Figure 1 The extreme morphological variety of diatom frustules and the speci...Figure 2 Haeckel's drawings of radiolarites as a source of architectural ins...Figure 3 The Venus flower basket of the Euplectella aspergillumsponge[8]. Si...Figure 4 The diversity of shapes of phytoliths found in 10 000–5 000‐year ol...Figure 5 The concentric structure of a basalia spicule of the Euplectella as...Figure 6 Scanning electron micrograph revealing the hierarchical distributio...Figure 7 The 2‐D periodic network of Coscinodiscus sp.Figure 8 Diatomite exploitation in an open‐pit mine at Foufouilloux (Cantal,...
80 Chapter 8.2Figure 1 Range of products that can be prepared via sol–gel processing.Figure 2 Alkoxide sol–gel reactions: hydrolysis; water‐ and alcohol‐forming ...Figure 3 Flowchart of the silica‐titania sol–gel process, with pH ≤ 2.Figure 4 Sol–gel film deposition methods: (a) spin‐coating and (b) dip‐coati...Figure 5 Transmission electron microscopy images of sol–gel silica nanoparti...Figure 6 Examples of sol–gel prepared photonic crystals: (a) Fabry–Perot mic...Figure 7 Scanning electron micrograph of nano/macroporous scaffold for bone ...
81 Chapter 8.3Figure 1 Translucency of silica‐aerogel granulates where Rayleigh scattering...Figure 2 Growing interest in silica aerogels as illustrated first by patents...Figure 3 Sol–gel synthesis of a surface‐modified aerogel.Figure 4 Microstructure of a typical silica aerogel. (a) Pearl‐necklace stru...Figure 5 Surface chemistry of a TEOS‐based silica aerogel. (a) As probed by ...Figure 6 Minimum in the thermal conductivity of aerogels at intermediate den...Figure 7 Density‐dependent uniaxial compression curves for silica aerogels [...Figure 8 Some applications of silica aerogels. (a) Building retrofit with He...
82 Chapter 8.4Figure 1 Decreasing concentrations of modifier ions (spheres) and increasing...Figure 2 Schematic of the sol–gel process and foaming step that can be intro...Figure 3 Four typical initial ion release profiles for dynamic dissolution e...Figure 4 Time point of first apatite formation for Na₂O–CaO–SiO₂ silicate gl...Figure 5 (a) Apatite surface layer formed on the fluoride‐containing bioacti...Figure 6 (a) Histomorphological results showing calcein fluorescence‐labeled...Figure 7 Healing of infection and inflammation of bone marrow (osteomyelitisFigure 8 Scaffolds prepared from melt‐derived bioactive glass by (a) gel‐cas...Figure 9 Scanning electron microscope images of a dentine disc at seven days...
83 Chapter 8.5Figure 1 Glass‐ceramics for dental restoration. (a) Dental bridge, lithium d...Figure 2 Leucite‐based glass‐ceramics used in IPS Empress®. (a) Crystal stru...Figure 3 From crystal structure to glass‐ceramics. Reproduced from [1] with ...Figure 4 Crystal structure of fluorapatite. Reproduced from [1] with permiss...
84 Chapter 8.6Figure 1 Relaxation in molecular liquids at different temperatures. (a) Norm...Figure 2 Crossover from simple dynamics at highest temperature to glassy dyn...Figure 3 Relaxation in molecular liquids in different representations. (a) D...Figure 4 Relaxation at different temperatures and pressures: isochronal supe...Figure 5 Reorientational correlation times of molecular liquids (solid symbo...Figure 6 Reorientational correlation times of molecular liquids. (a) Arrheni...Figure 7 Relaxation times at different temperatures and pressures: temperatu...Figure 8 Molecular dynamics simulations of spatially heterogeneous dynamics ...Figure 9 Molecular dynamics simulations of highly mobile particles in a mono...Figure 10 Number of dynamically correlated molecules in various glass‐formin...Figure 11 Molecular dynamics simulations of confined water. (a) Snapshot of ...Figure 12 Double glass transition in binary mixtures. (a) 2‐Methyltetrahydro...Figure 13 Dielectric relaxation of small molecules in dynamically asymmetric...Figure 14 Dynamics of 2‐methyltetrahydrofuran either pure or in a mixture wi...Figure 15 Indication of pronounced dynamic heterogeneities in binary glass f...Figure 16 Double relaxation of sorbitol: α‐ and β‐process. (a) Evi...Figure 17 Johari–Goldstein relaxation observed in ²H NMR solid‐echo spectra ...Figure 18 Relaxation in plastic crystals. (a) Time constants of the α‐ ...Figure 19 Lack of secondary relaxation apparent in broadband dielectric spec...Figure 20 The 90° jumps of cyanoadamantane molecules in the plastic crystal ...
85 Chapter 8.7Figure 1 Schematic representation of the succession of three (─C─C─) skeleta...Figure 2 Schematic representation of the mean potential energy of rotation o...Figure 3 Mean effects of topological restraints exerted on a chain are schem...Figure 4 Glass transition as detected in measurements of the specific volume...Figure 5 Schematic variations of typical numerical values of elastic moduli ...Figure 6 Schematic variations of the tangent of the loss angle across the te...Figure 7 Porous, hollow Dralon© fiber prepared from polyacronitrile [(C₃H₃N)
86 Chapter 8.8Figure 1 Schulz–Flory distribution for polymers with a degree of polymerizat...Figure 2 Schematic representation of the chain‐growth (top) and step‐growth ...Figure 3 The three main phases of free‐radical polymerization illustrated by...Figure 4 The greater variety of molecular architectures obtained by binary c...Figure 5 Terminal model of binary copolymerization. The four possible combin...Figure 6 The three principal stereoisomers made from vinyl monomers with a s...Figure 7 Chain‐growth mechanism exemplified by the ring‐opening polymerizati...Figure 8 Step‐growth polymerization as described by the Carothers equation (...Figure 9 Preparation of poly(vinyl acetate) and subsequent polymer analogous...Figure 10 Rate of polymerization as a function of monomer conversion (a) at ...Figure 11 Relation between T_g and T_m for selected polymers, most linear homo...
87 Chapter 8.9Figure 1 Structure of glasses, silicones, and organic polymers, which can be...Figure 2 Examples of different precursor types (I–III) for sol–gel/hybrid ma...Figure 3 Resulting properties of IOP by the modification of ≡Si–O–Si≡ networ...Figure 4 Two‐step formation reactions of inorganic and organic networks of i...Figure 5 Ashby plot for the Young's modulus–density relationship of various ...Figure 6 Conservation of a historic glass window at the Herrgottskirche (Cre...Figure 7 Micro‐Raman spectra of exposed coating material (top curve) and fre...Figure 8 Low‐energy hybrid polymer coating on glass: liquid droplet on the r...Figure 9 Corrosion protection through hybrid polymer on copper substrates: l...Figure 10 Bifunctional precursors for inorganic–organic polymer designed for...Figure 11 Scanning electron micrograph of a plasma‐deposited inorganic–organ...Figure 12 Scanning electron microphotograph of an inorganic–organic polymer ...
88 Section IXFigure 1 Domestic waste transformed into a piece of abstract glass art: opti...
89 Chapter 9.1Figure 1 Glass staircase, Apple Store, West 14th Street, New York; Eckersley...Figure 2 Glass façade with glass fins, Thomson Reuters Building, New York....Figure 3 Glass roof beams, Medical School, Glasgow; ARUP.Figure 4 Full glass structure including columns, beams, and stability walls....Figure 5 Sainsbury Art Centre (Norman Foster). Early example of structural g...Figure 6 Serres of the National Museum of Science, Technology and Industry i...Figure 7 Glass foot bridge, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Kraaijvanger Urbis, ...Figure 8 Weibull plot (see Chapter 3.11) for glass panels tested either stan...Figure 9 Schematic representation of the thermal tempering process [13].Figure 10 Through the thickness stress profiles of strengthened glass, from ...Figure 11 Fracture pattern of (a) annealed, (b) heat‐strengthened, and (c) f...Figure 12 Principle of the alternative load‐path design in the hanging glass...Figure 13 (a) Wolfson Building glass roof, Glasgow, UK, (b) schematic sectio...Figure 14 Examples of point‐fittings in glass façade. (a) Clamped point‐fitt...Figure 15 Schematic overview of point fittings for glazing. (a) Clamped, (b)...Figure 16 Schematic overview of required allowable in‐plane movements of poi...Figure 17 Through‐bolt connection. For laminated glass alternative, see [2]....Figure 18 Friction grip connection. For laminated glass alternative, see [2]...Figure 19 Spliced beam‐column connections. (a–c) Principles, based on [1]; (...Figure 20 Splice‐laminated large‐span (21 m) glass beam, (a) overall view an...Figure 21 Curved glass envelope realized by means of cold bent glass, Strasb...Figure 22 Cast glass block facade, Crystal Houses, Amsterdam, (a) overview, ...Figure 23 Glass beam with adhesively bonded steel flanges [33].Figure 24 Reinforced glass beams: (a) schematic section and side view, showi...Figure 25 Metal wire mesh or perforated thin metal plate reinforcement embed...
90 Chapter 9.2Figure 1 Optical sketch for the formation of the ghost image through a winds...Figure 2 Microscopic craters and scratches on the windshield surface of a 20...Figure 3 The differing breakage modes of car glazing: (a) broken tempered si...Figure 4 Effect of iron doping on the transmission of near‐infrared radiatio...Figure 5 Effect of glass lamination with PVB on sound‐transmission loss at 2...Figure 6 IR absorbance (resp., emittance) of flat glass for different thickn...Figure 7 Sketch for the genesis of tempering stress upon cooling of a glass ...Figure 8 Fragmentation of tempered glass as a function of tensile core stres...Figure 9 Sketch of a machine for shaping and simultaneous tempering of sidel...Figure 10 Strain pattern caused by an anisotropic heterogeneity of the resid...Figure 11 Sketch of tunnel furnace (a) and tooling (b) for windshield shapin...
91 Chapter 9.3Figure 1 Classification of man‐made vitreous wool used for insulation. AES, ...Figure 2 Sketch of the two main techniques for forming mineral wool. (a) Cas...Figure 3 Viscosity–temperature relationships of stone and glass wool melts i...Figure 4 Phase transformations of a stone wool composition as observed in a ...Figure 5 Enthalpy relaxation of stone and glass wool samples determined in D...Figure 6 Effect of fiber diameter (as d ⁻¹) on mechanical properties o...Figure 7 Increases of tensile strength σ_ts with the axial drawing stres...Figure 8 Effect of pH and chemical composition on the dissolution rate of gl...
92 Chapter 9.4Figure 1 Low‐iron glasses in photovoltaic cells. Left: first‐generation Si m...Figure 2 Spectral transmittance and loss of photon flux of different float g...Figure 3 Glass transition temperature T_g of glasses used in solar‐energy con...Figure 4 Solar water heaters. Left: rooftop receiver with in‐house boiler an...Figure 5 Spectral transmittance and solar‐energy loss of 4 mm‐thick low‐iron...
93 Chapter 9.5Figure 1 Comparison between the structure of thin‐film (a) bulk‐type (b) all...Figure 2 Relationship between the electrical conductivity and the microstruc...Figure 3 Sketch of three procedures used to ensure favorable electrode–elect...Figure 4 Initial charge–discharge curves of all‐solid‐state In/LiCoO₂ cells ...Figure 5 Charge–discharge curves of all‐solid‐state Li‐In/S and In/Li₂S cell...
94 Chapter 9.6Figure 1 Float lines in Europe, North America, and Middle East/Africa (from ...Figure 2 Increases of the number of float lines in Europe, North America, an...Figure 3 Float lines as of early 2013.Figure 4 Decrease of the price of clear flat glass in Western Europe from 19...Figure 5 Divergence between the prices of flat glass in Western Europe and i...
95 Chapter 9.7Figure 1 Regenerative fired furnaces for container glass. (a) End‐fired, sta...Figure 2 Specimens of other types of furnaces. (a) Recuperative furnace for ...Figure 3 Sketch of a dam wall in the melter of a glass furnace.Figure 4 A view over a wool‐glass bath through the peep hole of the melter....Figure 5 The two nozzle of gas burners (a) and the resulting gas flow (b)....Figure 6 Individual components of an end‐fired regenerative furnace.A. Reg...Figure 7 Energy consumption as a function of specific load (t/d.m²) used to ...Figure 8 Interplay of factors involved in NO_x and SO_x emissions.Figure 9 Evolutions of overall energy efficiency and emissions of NO_x, SO_x, ...
96 Chapter 9.8Figure 1 Fundamental parameters controlling a furnace in its dual functions ...Figure 2 Heat balance of a fuel‐fired furnace equipped with a flue‐gas heat‐...Figure 3 Efficiency of a glass furnace as a function of the heat capacity‐fl...Figure 4 Model of radiative heat exchange between combustion and melting spa...Figure 5 The influence of the pull rate, p, on the operation of a glass furn...Figure 6 Mass input–output characteristics of chemical reactors. (a) Ideal m...Figure 7 Experimental data of F(z) (symbols) presented in a plot W = ln[−ln(...Figure 8 Comparison between tracer residence times in a double‐convection fu...Figure 9 Comparison between calculated and measured temperature profiles for...Figure 10 Simplified picture of the glass convection flow within a melter.Figure 11 Temperature profiles and melt flow pattern in a flat‐glass furnace...Figure 12 Complete modern furnace simulation model of an end‐port, container...
97 Chapter 9.9Figure 1 Hierarchy for glass waste.Figure 2 Estimation of waste glass generated by municipal solid waste.Figure 3 Cullet treatment process. CSP, rejects of ceramic, stones, and porc...Figure 4 Mixed glass cullet.Figure 5 Sketch of a typical sorting machine for cullet.
98 Chapter 9.10Figure 1 Sketch of an incineration plant from waste delivery to incineration...Figure 2 The heterogeneous nature of bottom ash. (a) As seen with the eye. (...Figure 3 A scrap glass fragment of bottom ash shown in a backscattered scann...Figure 4 Transparent glass with yellow and brown schlieren. In the dark part...Figure 5 Crystallization of oxides and pyroxene along the dark schlieren in ...Figure 6 The heterogeneity of fly ash as seen in a backscattering electron i...
99 Chapter 9.11Figure 1 Operation of industrial vitrification plants around the world.Figure 2 Pd–Te (spherical) and RuO₂ (needle‐shaped) metallic precipitates un...Figure 3 Partially crystallized beads enriched in molybdenum, phosphorus, an...Figure 4 Summary of the distinct stages of nuclear glass corrosion and relat...Figure 5 Two‐step vitrification process of nuclear waste with either “cold” ...Figure 6 Sketch of an LFCM liquid‐fed ceramic melter equipped with a bottom ...
100 Chapter 9.12Figure 1 The formal atmosphere of a meeting of glass scientist in 1928 in Aa...Figure 2 The 1967 (a) and 1994 (b) ICG logos.Figure 3 The 2010 ICG symbol.
101 Section XFigure 1 Through 25 centuries of glassmaking, an art travel at the Glasmuseu...Figure 2 Ingots of Roman glasses similar to those known by Pliny as conserve...
102 Chapter 10.1Figure 1 World map of obsidian sources utilized in ancient times. In the wes...Figure 2 Balata dei Turchi (southern side of Pantelleria, Italy) primary obs...Figure 3 Obsidian blocks (up to 40 cm in length), cores (up to 15 cm), blade...Figure 4 An obsidian sample sitting on a portable XRF instrument for the des...Figure 5 Trace element graph distinguishing Mediterranean obsidian sources....Figure 6 Multiple flows (subsources) may be distinguished on the islands of ...Figure 7 Bar chart showing source frequencies for Early Neolithic (a) and La...Figure 8 Sites with 10 or more artifacts tested (circles by the author, squa...
103 Chapter 10.2Figure 1 Blue glass lump from Eridu, believed to date to the late third mill...Figure 2 Heart amulet, Egyptian 18th Dynasty, late fourteenth century BCE (2...Figure 3 Inlay, Egyptian from Thebes, 18th dynasty (33 × 26 cm, British Muse...Figure 4 (a) Egypt (cosmetic jug, 18th dynasty, 24 × 30 cm; British Museum 2...Figure 5 The clear distinction between glasses found (and therefore thought ...Figure 6 The higher resolution of isotopic analyses: distinguishing glass ma...
104 Chapter 10.3Figure 1 Array of excavated floors of tank furnaces at Bet Eli'ezer, near Ha...Figure 2 Model for Roman glass production as currently understood. Egyptian ...Figure 3 Main compositional groups of the first millennium CE as determined ...Figure 4 The Lycurgus Cup (fourth c. CE) depicting the myth of King Lycurgus...Figure 5 Mosaic‐footed glass bowl, Victoria and Albert Museum 969–1868. Made...Figure 6 A range of forms displayed by a selected group of blown Roman‐glass...Figure 7 Typical mixing line between Roman antimony‐decolorized glass, with ...
105 Chapter 10.4Figure 1 Head of an Egyptian priest made of vitreous material (c. seventh ce...Figure 2 Oil lamp with the illustration of an artisan blowing glass in a pip...Figure 3 Pharmaceutical and chemical (?) glassware found in the Casa del Fab...Figure 4 Garden of Eden mosaic decorating the vault of the Galla Placidia Ma...Figure 5 Glass alchemical alembics illustrating the Codex Parisinus 2327 thi...
106 Chapter 10.5Figure 1 Viscosity ranges for glassworking operations and viscosity–temperat...Figure 2 Gathering of 1–3 g mosaic glass florets (slices) on a blowpipe: fin...Figure 3 Rotary scratches on the interior of a ribbed bowl fragment (Frankfu...Figure 4 Rotary scratches exhibiting horseshoe chattermarks so much shortene...Figure 5 Core‐forming furnace open at the top (height 52 cm) as designed and...Figure 6 Rotary pressing: gob of hot glass pressed with a moist wooden plung...Figure 7 Making of a ribbed bowl: sagging or flowing down of hot glass over ...Figure 8 Making of spiral reticella vessel: drawing of the thread from a rot...Figure 9 Making a Cretan pyxis: cylindrical plunger pressed into a gob of ho...Figure 10 Making of a bulbous colorband bottle: preheated colorband disk or ...Figure 11 Fragments of inflated tubes from a first century BCE Jerusalem wor...Figure 12 Pontil attachment on a newly blown glass.Figure 13 Replica of five‐part mold for a beaker, showing mythological scene...Figure 14 Mold blowing: loading of the parison in the sooted, five‐part mold...Figure 15 The basketry pattern of a cylindrical jug (height 21 cm). Syro‐Pal...Figure 16 Hellenistic sandwich gold glass bowl (height 10.7 cm, rim diameter...Figure 17 Three‐step making of gold glass: pressing of the gob of the outer ...Figure 18 Cameo glass: the Portland vase (height 24.5 cm, maximum body diame...Figure 19 Two step‐making of a cameo glass: model of wax or clay serving for...Figure 20 Diatrete, Cage cup (preserved height 12.1 cm, rim diameter 10.1 cm...Figure 21 Four‐step making of a double‐walled blank for subsequent cutting o...
107 Chapter 10.6Figure 1 A variety of glass coatings. (a) Enameled Venetian chalice (circa 1...Figure 2 Limoges enamels. (a) Plaque depicting Jesus before Ponce Pilate ten...Figure 3 Firing defects on glazes and enamels. (a) Celadon crackled glaze (n...Figure 4 Control of the glaze quality: comparison between the thermal expans...Figure 5 Structure and polymerization of silicate glasses. (a) Sketch of the...Figure 6 Optical/SEM micrographs of sliced sections of glazed potteries. (a)...Figure 7 Color palettes: (a) of painting enamel (~200 mm in diameter) for Sè...Figure 8 Glaze colored with metal nanoparticles. (a) Dish made by Eva Haudum...
108 Chapter 10.7Figure 1 Changing origins of Venetian glass evidenced by variations in the a...Figure 2 Transition from natron to soda‐ash glass demonstrated by a histogra...Figure 3 The mutual relationships between cristallo and vitrum blanchum esta...Figure 4 Renaissance Venetian gilded‐enameled ewer, c. 1530, height 20.9 cm,...Figure 5 Tazza, filigree cup, c. 1550, height 9.0 cm, max diam. 17.9 cm (Mus...Figure 6 The thin lattimo glass rod embedded into a cristallo glass as seen ...Figure 7 Chalcedony cup decorated with droplets of aventurine, c. 1700, heig...Figure 8 Metallic copper particles dispersed in a nineteenth‐century aventur...
109 Chapter 10.8Figure 1 Cast Roman window glass: ~4–5 mm‐thick, originally 35 × 80 cm panes...Figure 2 Final steps of the making of flat from hollow glass before annealin...Figure 3 The palette of hues described by Theophilus exemplified at the same...Figure 4 The ancient red panels of Notre‐Dame de la Belle Verrière...Figure 5 Jesus' crowning with thorns: the most important stained glass panel...Figure 6 Noah's ark: a well‐known Biblical scene pictured in Saint Étienne‐d...Figure 7 The two processes for producing a red color with copper nanoparticl...Figure 8 Red flashing on a clear glass, etched away to give the detailed pat...Figure 9 A large fire drawn with sanguine, a thin red to warm brown enamel m...Figure 10 Grisaille work in a sixteenth‐century panel from a church in Chart...Figure 11 The heterogeneous structure of grisaille revealed by scanning elec...Figure 12 Silver staining: yellow shading in the church of St Thomas, Eccles...Figure 13 The smart integration of thin leading to delineate tree trunks: de...Figure 14 Restoration of an English fourteenth‐century stained glass window ...Figure 15 Exterior view of a thirteenth‐century stained glass depicting Chri...Figure 16 The prophets Joel and Amos of the Old Testament pictured by the fa...Figure 17 Late nineteenth‐century stained glass from Christ Church, Ecclesto...Figure 18 Stained glass made from Pâte de verre panels held by cement (Figure 19 An ancient, obvious repair at the head of an apostle in a sixteent...Figure 20 Raman spectroscopy in the service of ancient stained glass: on‐sit...
110 Chapter 10.9Figure 1 Glassmaking as pictured in the Pit of Memnon, one of the plates of ...Figure 2 Two aspects of late eighteenth‐century glassmaking depicted by the Figure 3 The three glass furnaces described by Agricola [7]. (a) The melting...Figure 4 The earliest known representation of a reverberatory furnace in Bir...Figure 5 Siemens regenerative pot furnace (width: 6 m): cross section throug...Figure 6 The open and closed clay pots still used in the middle of the ninet...Figure 7 The gas producer of a Siemens regenerative furnace [20]. Coal slidi...Figure 8 The mutual disposition of Siemens furnace, gas producer, and regene...Figure 9 From blueprint to actual construction, the new tank furnace with a ...Figure 10 Bievez lehr for the annealing of nine glass sheets [38]. Newly mad...Figure 11 The original 563 × 139 m large and 39 m high Crystal Palace design...Figure 12 The making of wired glass from glass cast on two converging tables...Figure 13 The original Saint‐Gobain casting process for plate glass: glass p...Figure 14 Plate glass processes. (a) Sketch of the evolution. (b) Glass flow...Figure 15 The 3.2 m large continuous glass ribbon exiting the annealing lehr...Figure 16 Aerial view of the Jusant polishing machine. Total length of the l...Figure 17 Boucher machine for making bottle‐glass. (a) The first version. (b...Figure 18 The Homer‐Brooke feeder; 1: central vertical shaft; 23: cup‐shaped...Figure 19 The Owens machine. (a) Heads dipping into the pots as they pass ov...Figure 20 Hartford‐Fairmont forehearth.Figure 21 A Boetius furnace for the melting of crystal glass in 12 pots [20]...
111 Chapter 10.10Figure 1 The concept of ray of light at the basis of Ptolemy's study of refr...Figure 2 Anachronistic geometrical representation of Ptolemy's refraction me...Figure 3 The rainbow as understood by Dietrich de Freiberg: parallel light o...Figure 4 The objective of Galileo's telescope. These instruments had a typic...Figure 5 Some of the astonishing features revealed by Hooke in Micrographia ...Figure 6 The Animalcula discovered in the Semine masculino of a cock, each h...Figure 7 Guinand's process: stirring of molten flint with a U‐shaped iron ba...Figure 8 “A Cupping‐Glass, to which is attached an Air‐exhausted Compartment...Figure 9 One of the earliest representations of alchemical glassware (MS 232...Figure 10 Lavoisier's chemical glassware at the end of the eighteenth centur...Figure 11 The diversity and Venetian style of the vertical and spiral glass ...Figure 12 The pressure exerted by the atmosphere as indicated by the same he...Figure 13 The traditional procedure for drawing glass tubes from two differe...Figure 14 Pascal's hydraulic press [52], “a vessel full of water, sealed on ...Figure 15 Boyle's mercurial experiments as made with “a long glass‐tube, whi...Figure 16 The key to the safety valve of steam engines [55]. (a) The vapor p...Figure 17 Pressure as a probe of the physiology of plants in experiments mad...Figure 18 A typical eighteenth‐century electrostatic experiment made by Chri...Figure 19 The good use by Crookes of tr€ansparency and other properties of g...Figure 20 The great many types of X‐ray tubes designed during the year 1896 ...Figure 21 An important evolutionary step between discharge tubes and mass sp...Figure 22 Glass technology in the service of astronomy: following Dollond's ...
112 Chapter 10.11Figure 1 Prince Rupert's drops pictured by Hooke; rupture pattern shown on t...Figure 2 Crystal precipitation in a piece of Réaumur's porcelain.Figure 3 Tammann's depiction of the rates of crystal growth and nucleation w...Figure 4 The effects of chemical diversification on the refraction and dispe...Figure 5 A summary of de Luynes' rupture and HF etching experiments on Princ...Figure 6 The marked decrease of breaking stress with increasing fiber diamet...Figure 7 The calorimetric effect of the glass transition: break in the mean ...Figure 8 Anomaly of thermal expansion and heat absorption in the same temper...Figure 9 Effect of thermal history on the glass transition of a light flint ...Figure 10 Heat capacity changes of organic substances in the glass transitio...Figure 11 Heat capacity hysteresis observed for the glass transition of B₂O₃Figure 12 Structural relaxation in viscosity measurements at 486.7 °C on a w...Figure 13 The X‐ray radial distribution function of SiO₂ glass (after [151])...Figure 14 Two‐dimensional projection of the structure of a soda‐silica glass...Figure 15 Raman spectra of SiO₂ and B₂O₃ glasses (after [158]). Sharp peak a...
113 Chapter 10.12Figure 1 Kunstpalast, Glasmuseum Hentrich. Details of its bright‐red ...Figure 2 Large beaker (“Humpen”), dated 1603, with coats of arms...Figure 3 Deutsches Museum, Munich, entrance to department of glass technolo...Figure 4 Technology Museum of Glass, La Granja, Spain. The Museum presents...Figure 5 Technology Museum of Glass, La Granja, Spain. East dome of the hist...Figure 6 European Museum of Modern Glass, Rödental, Germany. By making...Figure 7 European Museum of Modern Glass, Rödental, Germany, whose 2008...Figure 8 Aerial view of the Corning Museum of Glass, Corning, New York, USA...Figure 9 Beer glass, reputedly found in Dordrecht, The Netherlands, probably...
114 Chapter 11.1Figure 1 Line of bullet voids in the center of the silica core of an optical...Figure 2 Enthalpy spike occurring just after the glass transition of quenche...Figure 3 The X‐ray diffraction patterns of D‐mannitol in the crystalline and...Figure 4 First demonstration by differential scanning calorimetry of the lar...Figure 5 Isothermal compressibility data for various glass‐forming liquids o...Figure 6 Cover page of the centennial issue of the Glass Technology Society,...

Encyclopedia of Glass Science, Technology, History, and Culture

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