Читать книгу Encyclopedia of Glass Science, Technology, History, and Culture - Группа авторов - Страница 3
List of Tables
Оглавление1 General IntroductionTable A.1 Coordination numbers, effective ionic radii, field strengths, and e...Table A.2 S.I. units and physical constants.
2 Chapter 1.1Table 1 Typical compositions of industrial glasses comprising main oxides onl...Table 2 Viscosity ranges of industrially manufactured glasses.Table 3 Empirical factors for the calculation of viscosities [19] and elastic...Table 4 Empirical factors for the calculation of the thermal expansion coeffi...
3 Chapter 1.2Table 1 Natural and synthetic raw materials compositions and prices.
4 Chapter 1.3Table 1 Maximum iron contents in various types of glasses, given in ppm of st...Table 2 Batch calculation scheme.Table 3 Redox factors R(i) of selected active raw materials i; these factors r...Table 4 Scheme for final batch adjustment with sodium sulphate set to 4 kg/t ...Table 5 Calculation scheme for the energetics of a soda‐lime silicate glass (...
5 Chapter 1.4Table 1 Comparison of forming processes.Table 2 List of symbols regarding equilibrium thickness mechanism.
6 Chapter 1.6Table 1 Composition of glass fibers found in literature and/or commercial mar...Table 2 Typical properties of fiberglass found in literature and/or commercia...Table 3 Top 10 fiberglass producers (2008 – 2013).Table 4 Classification and functionality of ingredients in fiber sizing/binde...Table 5 Common organosilanes.
7 Chapter 1.7Table 1 Summary of simulation process steps.Table 2 List of commonly used transport equations in advection–diffusion form...Table 3 Interacting zones of a complete glass melting‐furnace model.Table 4 Required boundary conditions for a complete glass melting‐furnace mod...
8 Chapter 2.1Table 1 Structural classification of commonly studied oxides in glasses. Freq...
9 Chapter 2.2Table 1 Summary of techniques used to determine various features of glass str...
10 Chapter 2.3Table 1 Composition of the MAS glass (at %),a where “pristine” denotes the ho...
11 Chapter 2.6Table 1 Oxide composition (wt %) of common commercial glasses and glass of co...
12 Chapter 2.7Table 1 Degrees of freedom (f) of d‐dimensional TD networks of rigid units (δ...
13 Chapter 2.9Table 1 Comparison of various features of large‐scale computer simulations ca...
14 Chapter 3.1Table 1 Critical cooling rate for some glasses, K/s.Table 2 Classification of cations according to Diezel's field strength.Table 3 Hausdorff dimensionality of the bonding system at glass transition.
15 Chapter 3.2Table 1 Thermodynamic states in terms of affinity and its derivatives and in ...Table 2 Thermodynamic parameters measured from five different glass‐formers.
16 Chapter 3.3Table 1 Transition temperatures of some materials.
17 Chapter 3.5Table 1 Partial molar volumes, thermal expansions, and compressibilities of o...
18 Chapter 3.6Table 1 Experimental calorimetric methods.Table 2 Partial molar relative entropies of oxides in silicate glasses, and e...Table 3 Partial molar heat capacities of oxides in glasses,Cpi = ai + bi T + Table 4 Partial molar heat capacities of oxides in melts,Cp i = ai + bi T + ciTable 5 Residual entropies of oxide glasses determined from calorimetric meas...Table 6 Determination of the Gibbs free energies of formation from the oxides...Table 7 Variations of the enthalpy (kJ/mol) of oxide glasses with the density...
19 Chapter 3.7Table 1 Properties of glasses P‐SK57® and P‐LaSF47®.Table 2 Calculated versus measured refractive index values for glasses P‐SK57
20 Chapter 3.11Table 1 Representative mechanical property ranges for different glass familie...
21 Chapter 3.12Table 1 Comparison of thermal and chemical strengthening (“ion stuffing” proc...Table 2 Characteristic tensile strength (95% confidence and 5% fractile) for ...Table 3 A comparison of different laser cutting methods [5].
22 Chapter 3.14Table 1 Coefficients involved in the enthalpy of strong and fragile liquids a...Table 2 First‐order glass‐to‐glass transitions under various pressures.Table 3 Dependence of the critical number n of supercluster atoms at Tg on mel...
23 Chapter 4.1Table 1 Standard (fixed) points for fast determination of the viscosity–tempe...Table 2 Methods of measuring viscosity.Table 3 Frequently used three‐parameter (A, B, C) equations to represent the ...Table 4 Equations representing the temperature dependence of viscosity in ter...
24 Chapter 4.3Table 1 Arrhenius parameters for diffusion in silicate glasses and melts.Table 2 Arrhenius parameters for diffusion in nonsilicate glasses and melts.
25 Chapter 4.5Table 1 Glass chemical compositions.Table 2 Thermal diffusivity values and fitting parameters for selected glasse...Table 3 Thermal conductivities of selected glasses and liquids.
26 Chapter 5.1Table 1 Reproducibility of XRF analyses (wt %).Table 2 Reproducibility of ICP‐OES analyses (wt %).Table 3 Comparison between hydrolytic‐resistance tests made for a F‐bearing g...Table 4 Defect in a float glass as revealed by anomalous chemical analyses ma...
27 Chapter 5.3Table 1 Melt components in the Ghiorso–Carmichael model and calculation of th...Table 2 Thermodynamic data of fictive components k employed to represent the c...Table 3 Scaling particle theory energy terms [28]. The cavitation enthalpy at
28 Chapter 5.5Table 1 Solubility (mol %) of H2O, CO2, and SO2 in NaAlSi3O8 composition melt...
29 Chapter 5.7Table 1 Original (pre‐2002) values of γM for cationsa and Λ for binary ox...Table 2 Relationship of redox ratio,R, for ion couples with optical basicity;...Table 3 Electronegativity,xM, polarizability, αM, and αoxide(‐II)...
30 Chapter 5.11Table 1 Summary of some tests made to determine glass durability.
31 Chapter 5.12Table 1 Chemical‐gradient widths (nm) of boron profiles in surface altered la...
32 Chapter 6.2Table 1 Glass coloring mechanisms.Table 2 Color yielded by various transition metal ions in glasses.
33 Chapter 6.3Table 1 Electron configuration of some transition metal and rare earth elemen...Table 2 Prominent examples of laser‐active glasses.Table 3 Sensitizer–activator combinations in some laser glasses.
34 Chapter 6.4Table 1 Representative properties for common optical fiber glasses.
35 Chapter 6.5Table 1 Composition and main physical properties of fluoride and chalcogenide...
36 Chapter 6.6Table 1 Calculated (τR) and measured(τm) lifetimes and quantum effi...Table 2 Spectroscopic properties of Tm3+ in various glasses [6].Table 3 Measured lifetimes (τm ) of the Ho3+: 5I5 level at 293 K for cha...Table 4 Coordination numbers (N), bond distances (R), and Debye–Waller factor...Table 5 Bohr exciton radii (aB), band‐gap energies (Eg), and wavelengths (λ...Table 6 Compositions and preparation of PbS‐, PbSe‐, and PbTe‐doped glasses.
37 Chapter 6.9Table 1 Chemical composition of glasses for lighting.
38 Chapter 6.10Table 1 Chemical composition (wt %) of glasses for color cathode‐ray tubes.Table 2 Effect of cation atomic weight on the mass absorption coefficients of...Table 3 Chemical compositions (wt %) of frit glasses for PDP.Table 4 Properties of glass substrates for thin‐film transistor liquid‐crysta...Table 5 Properties of glass substrates for plasma‐display panels.
39 Chapter 7.1Table 1 Extraterrestrial glass compositions.
40 Chapter 7.2Table 1 Composition of some natural glasses and average compositions of some ...Table 2 Trace element composition of obsidians from Mediterranean and Near Ea...
41 Chapter 7.4Table 1 The required functions of the slag and important physical properties ...Table 2 Typical compositions for slags from different processes.Table 3 Comparison of approximate property values at specified temperatures f...
42 Chapter 7.5Table 1 Composition and properties of liquid alkaline silicate water glasses ...
43 Chapter 7.6Table 1 Approximate composition (wt %) of representative borosilicate glasses...
44 Chapter 7.7Table 1 Composition ranges of type I and III pharmaceutical glasses (type II ...Table 2 Comparison between glass grain test results for borosilicate glass tu...Table 3 Typical surface test results for type I vials produced by different g...Table 4 Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) analyses of ele...
45 Chapter 7.8Table 1 Properties of oxynitride glasses.
46 Chapter 7.9Table 1 Example thermal and optical properties of binary phosphate glasses.Table 2 Examples of phosphate glass phosphors.Table 3 Degradation rates of phosphate glasses containing different modifiers...
47 Chapter 7.10Table 1 Representative metallic glasses: alloy systems and important mechanic...Table 2 Room‐temperature electrical conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and th...Table 3 Mechanical strength and fatigue data of bulk metallic glasses tested ...
48 Chapter 7.11Table 1 Representative compositions of a few commercial glass‐ceramics [6].Table 2 Properties of a few commercial glass‐ceramics.Table 3 Composition and properties of a few noncommercial glass‐ceramics.Table 4 Chemical formula of the main crystalline phases mentioned in this cha...
49 Chapter 8.2Table 1 Advantages of the sol–gel process.Table 2 Drawbacks of the sol–gel process.
50 Chapter 8.3Table 1 Hydrophobic silica aerogel properties.
51 Chapter 8.4Table 1 Selected bioactive glass compositions (mol %), network connectivity o...
52 Chapter 8.5Table 1 Properties of IPS Empress® CAD (scientific report of November 2006, I...
53 Chapter 8.8Table 1 Density, glass transition and melting temperatures, ultimate tensile ...Table 2 Values of the reactivity ratios r1,2 and resulting polymer architectur...Table 3 Macroscopic properties of the stereoisomers of poly(propylene) and po...Table 4 Influence of chain flexibility on Tg [3].Table 5 Effect of side chains on Tg for a series of methacrylates [2].
54 Chapter 8.9Table 1 Comparison of inorganic and hybrid sol–gel processes/materials (commo...Table 2 Overview of properties of hybrid polymers.
55 Chapter 9.3Table 1 Examples of mineral wool compositions (wt %).Table 2 Composition (wt %) of wool fibers (produced by cascade process) and c...
56 Chapter 9.5Table 1 Li+ ion and Na+ ion conductivities for typical oxide and sulfide soli...
57 Chapter 9.6Table 1 Early key technological milestones for flat glass.Table 2 Key technological milestones from the mid‐eighteenth to the mid‐ninet...Table 3 Key milestones from the 1960s to 2014 in process and product developm...Table 4 Key improvements from 1962 to 2014 on coatings, tempering, laminating...Table 5 Main usages of flat glass.Table 6 Key figures about flat‐glass products.Table 7 Foundation of some of the key flat‐glass companies.Table 8 Main producers of float glass in 1988 [9].Table 9 Main producers of float glass in 2015.
58 Chapter 9.7Table 1 End‐ and cross‐fired regenerative furnaces.Table 2 Summary of other furnaces.Table 3 Bath depths: typical ranges and [in brackets] extreme values (mm).a Table 4 Correlation between CO and NOx contents.
59 Chapter 9.8Table 1 Characteristic dwell times τi, exponents mi, and effective volume...
60 Chapter 9.9Table 1 2007 European statistics for glass cullet. End‐of‐waste (EoW) criteri...Table 2 2014 EU‐28 recycling rates.Table 3 Glass recovered and discarded in 2013 in the United States. Figures e...Table 4 Origin and possible applications for cullet.Table 5 Scrap from mono‐material collection in bottle banks (unpublished SSV ...Table 6 Scrap from multi‐material collection in bottle banks (unpublished SSV...
61 Chapter 9.10Table 1 Overall chemical compositions of municipal waste incineration ash [2]...Table 2 Mineralogical and chemical composition of municipal waste incineratio...Table 3 Composition of scrap glass in MSWI bottom ash (SP‐1 in Figure 3) and ...Table 4 Chemical composition of fly‐ash particles (wt %, electron microprobe ...
62 Chapter 9.11Table 1 Spent fuel and HLW inventory data.Table 2 Thermal power of R7T7 glass from α, β, and γ emitters o...Table 3 Composition of reference fission product solution vitrified in R7 and...Table 4 Composition of nuclear waste containment glasses (wt %).Table 5 Physical properties of R7T7 glass.Table 6 Summary of characteristics of high‐level waste vitrification faciliti...
63 Chapter 9.12Table 1 ICG Presidents with their country of origin and dates in service.Table 2 Honorary Presidents.Table 3 Honorary Vice‐Presidents.Table 4 Executive Secretaries and Treasurers of ICG, their nationalities, and...Table 5 CTC Chairs (Committee A before 1983).Table 6 Technical Committees: title (years of operation).Table 7a Member countries in the order they first joined and current represen...Table 7b Member countries in alphabetical order, date they first joined) and ...Table 8 ICG Congress record.Table 9 Weyl Awardees.Table 10 Gottardi Prize winners.Table 11 President's Award winners.Table 12 Turner Award winners.
64 Chapter 10.1Table 1 List of analytical sourcing methods.
65 Chapter 10.2Table 1 Typical compositions of glasses from the Late Bronze Age [9].
66 Chapter 10.3Table 1 Example compositions of natron‐based transparent glass of various Rom...Table 2 Example compositions of Roman opacified glass.
67 Chapter 10.6Table 1 Modern porcelain glaze compositions expressed in terms of either oxid...Table 2 Modern glaze compositions expressed with Seger formula.Table 3 Representative metal enamel composition.Table 4 Pigments used in the twentieth to twenty‐first centuries.Table 5 Main ancient pigments.Table 6 Mean compositions of some enamels on metal substrates.Table 7 Mean compositions of some glaze layers on terra cotta, stoneware, and...
68 Chapter 10.7Table 1 Mean chemical composition and standard deviation of Venetian natron t...Table 2 Mean chemical composition and standard deviation of the three groups ...Table 3 Chemical composition of opaque white Venetian glasses (wt %).Table 4 Chemical composition of colored Renaissance Venetian glasses (wt %).
69 Chapter 10.8Table 1 Chemical compositions of some medieval stained glasses.Table 2 Chemical compositions of medieval window glasses in present‐day Belgi...
70 Chapter 10.9Table 1 Maximum size and price of plate‐glass sheets [33].Table 2 Economic efficiencies of Owens‐machine and hand bottle forming in 192...Table 3 Advantages of automated forming machines in the United States in 1927...
