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Targum Onqelos is the best known of the Targumim and, according to b. Meg 3a, it was made by Onqelos the Proselyte, »under the guidance of R. Eliezer and R. Joshua.« As a rule, Onqelos follows the plain sense of Scripture, but in poetical sections it contains many exegetical elements.

Scholars are divided in their opinions about the date of the present form and origin (Babylon or Israel) of Targum Onqelos (1^st, 3^rd, or 5^th century CE). Nevertheless, even if its final literary form is relatively late, it was possibly preceded by a written or oral formulation similar to 4QtgLev (4Q156).