Читать книгу Microgrid Technologies - Группа авторов - Страница 16

Nowadays the incorporation of an electric vehicle with micro-grid is viral because of its effect of low emission, inexpensive charging and decreased usage of conventional fuels. The electric car with MG can function in car-to-grid (C2G) mode or grid-to-car (G2C) mode. In Ref. [10] planned power management is proposed in the MG, including storage systems categorized into two types: regenerative fuel cell (RFC) and electric car (EV). That paper approaches with multi-goal optimization to minimize operational cost, line losses and maximise the value of energy stored in terms of RFC and EC. There are two functioning schemes planned for EC working in C2G mode to decrease the net running cost of the system. The combination of particle swarm skim of optimization as well as front and back sweep algorithm is used to solve complication, non-linear action and multidimensional property of the objective function. In Ref. [11] a large-scale electric vehicle charging station is proposed by the author, in which the required power is supplied by solar and wind power. Here both the PV and wind work with a unified MPPT technique. In Ref. [12] the author incorporated the plug-in charger of the electric vehicle in the distribution grid in both directions by using various converters. The bidirectional converters are coupled to the capacitor at the link with DC. The grid voltage may be regulated in the C2G configuration using the capacitor at the link with DC, which provides compensation for reactive power, which avoids the risk of voltage sag in the main. The mixed charging electrical car battery is used for peak load shaving and load levelling. Ref. [13] illustrates a real application of electric vehicle charging station along with a storage system of energy, which is a battery of Lithium polymer. Investigational research is done in Italy at the power and Sustainable Economic Development labs for innovative Technologies. The outcome shows the new performance of the ECs in the height of energy shaving action, as compared to the utility grid.

A resiliency-based Energy Management System of islanded operation of micro-grid is presented in Ref. [14]. Here the case studied is about micro-grid (MG) consisting of PV generation farms and WT generation farms both having storage system of energy (SSE) and distributed generation system. Based on the study, the researchers used 25 plug-in hybrid electric cars as adaptable load and supply to replicate the scheme of demand response in an optimal way, so the ECs in G2V manner are used as adaptable load, while in V2G manner is applicable as adjustable supply. Ref. [15] is a discussion on systematic energy management of a home with the smart system using PV panels as the source and plug-in EC (PEC) as storage of energy. It reduces payment for energy demand under using time tariff while supplying energy requirements to PEC and home load. A Lithium-ion battery is used in the PEC as storage and is controlled by DC–AC inverter, which allows the bidirectional flow of power. The plugs-in and plug-out of the PEC can be done once a day. The PEC mobility model is modeled by the Markov Chain model. The predictive models are used by the author to design solar power supply and home as load. The researchers proposed that the system may possibly be a significant cost savings system for the consumers. The proposed Management System of Energy manages the flow of power in between the PEC as storage, building or home as loads, and an array of PV panels and utility supply grid as supply.