Читать книгу Microgrid Technologies - Группа авторов - Страница 3

1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 The renewable global status report.Figure 1.2 Consumption of renewable energy sources.Figure 1.3 Intensification of various energy sources from 1990 to 2040.Figure 1.4 Various ranges of MG.Figure 1.5 Components of micro-grid.Figure 1.6 Micro-grid in Islanded mode.Figure 1.7 Microgrid in Grid Connected mode.Figure 1.8 Energy management methodology.

2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Basic structure of microgrid (MG).Figure 2.2 PAFC characteristics.Figure 2.3 PAFC average cell voltage vs current density.Figure 2.4 PAFC equivalent circuit.Figure 2.5 Basic UPFC.Figure 2.6 Basic GUPFC.Figure 2.7 GUPFC equivalent circuit.Figure 2.8 Proposed system.Figure 2.9 Proposed system with grid connection.Figure 2.10 Proposed system without grid connection.Figure 2.11 Basic control of GUPFC compensator logic.Figure 2.12 Basic control of series compensator logic.Figure 2.13 Basic control of shunt compensator logic.Figure 2.14 Simplified test system.Figure 2.15 Test system simulation.Figure 2.16 IEEE 9 bus system.Figure 2.17 IEEE 9 bus test system MATLAB simulation model.Figure 2.18 Load voltage profile in test case-1.Figure 2.19 Load voltage profile in test case-2.Figure 2.20 Load voltage profile in test case-3.Figure 2.21 Load voltage profile in test case-4.Figure 2.22 Load voltage profile in test case-5.Figure 2.23 Summary of simulation: Percentage load voltage deviation from rated ...Figure 2.24 Summary of simulation: Percentage load voltage deviation from rated ...Figure 2.25 MAC 24 network diagram.Figure 2.26 IEEE 9 bus test system.

3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Load demand outline with ESS [11].Figure 3.2 Application of ESS in a power system network [13].Figure 3.3 (a) Aggregated system and (b) Distributed system.Figure 3.4 ESS configurations with other devices.Figure 3.5 Types of Mechanical ESS.Figure 3.6 Flywheel based ESS configuration.Figure 3.7 Structure of compressed air based ESS.Figure 3.8 configuration of PHS system.Figure 3.9 Detailed classification chemical based ESS.Figure 3.10 Functional diagram of HES.Figure 3.11 Typical view of battery-based ESS.Figure 3.12 Classifications of EES.Figure 3.13 Functional diagram of SC-based ESS.Figure 3.14 Typical view of SMES.Figure 3.15 Types of thermal-based ESS.Figure 3.16 Functional diagram of TESS.Figure 3.17 Typical Hybrid ESS.

4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Overall control structure of a single-phase grid-connected PV system.Figure 4.2 Basic structure of the PLL.Figure 4.3 Structure of the T/4 delay PLL.Figure 4.4 Inverse Park Transform based PLL.Figure 4.5 Enhanced PLL.Figure 4.6 Phase Detector of the SOGI PLL.Figure 4.7 Cascaded Generalized Integrator PLL (CGI-PLL).Figure 4.8 Cascaded Delayed Signal Cancellation Phase Locked Loop (CDSC-PLL).Figure 4.9 Basic Structure of Fuzzy Logic Controller.Figure 4.10 Single input and single output Fuzzy Logic Control Structure.Figure 4.11 Single input Membership function.Figure 4.12 3 × 3 Fuzzy Logic Control Structure.Figure 4.13 Membership function of 3 × 3 fuzzy set.Figure 4.14 5 × 5 Fuzzy Logic Control Structure.Figure 4.15 Membership function of 5 × 5 fuzzy set.Figure 4.16 Rule base for single input fuzzy set.Figure 4.17 Rule base for 3 × 3 fuzzy set.Figure 4.18 Rule base for 5 × 5 fuzzy set.Figure 4.19 Rule viewer for single input fuzzy set.Figure 4.20 Rule viewer for 3 × 3 fuzzy set.Figure 4.21 Rule viewer for 5 × 5 fuzzy set.Figure 4.22 SOGI two inputs and one output FLC PLL structure.Figure 4.23 SOGI two inputs and one output FLC PLL connected to a single phase i...Figure 4.24 (a) Inverter output voltage compared with grid voltage, (b) Grid cur...Figure 4.25 Test signal generator modelled in Matlab/Simulink.Figure 4.26 Test signal generator connected to SOGI FLC PLL.Figure 4.27 SOGI FLC PLL under no fault condition.Figure 4.28 SOGI FLC PLL under 3rd and 5th harmonic conditions.Figure 4.29 SOGI FLC PLL under 3rd and 5th harmonic with phase shift condition.Figure 4.30 SOGI FLC PLL under pulse interference.Figure 4.31 SOGI FLC PLL under modified pulse interference.Figure 4.32 SOGI FLC PLL under noise interference.

5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Classification of microgrids.Figure 5.2 The typical configuration of an AC microgrid.Figure 5.3 Typical power structure of a DC microgrid.Figure 5.4 The power structure of hybrid microgrid.Figure 5.5 Grid connected PV application: The DC–DC converter interface with MPP...Figure 5.6 (a) Wind generator of Squirrel Cage Induction Generator or Permanent ...Figure 5.6 (b) Wound Rotor Induction Generator with back–back converters.Figure 5.7 Application of boost converter in grid connected PV application.Figure 5.8 Typical I–V and P–V curves of a solar PV module.Figure 5.9 Flow chart of Perturb and Observe MPPT algorithm.Figure 5.10 Boost converter voltage and current waveforms.Figure 5.11 Interleaved boost converter configuration.Figure 5.12 Non-isolated step-down DC–DC converter.Figure 5.13 Buck converter voltage and current waveforms.Figure 5.14 Buck-boost converter configuration.Figure 5.15 Isolated DC–DC converters: (a) Flyback, (b) Push–pull, (c) Half-brid...Figure 5.16 DAB converter for isolated DC–DC conversion.Figure 5.17 EV charging using bi-directional DC–DC converter.Figure 5.18 Full wave diode rectifier circuits: (a) using two diodes, (b) using ...Figure 5.19 Output voltage waveforms: (a) without, (b) with DC-link capacitor.Figure 5.20 PWM rectifier or active rectifier.Figure 5.21 EV charging using bi-directional AC–DC converters: (a) without, (b) ...Figure 5.22 PWM VSC for converting DC to AC. (a) Single-phase half-bridge, (b) s...Figure 5.23 Control block diagram of three-phase VSC in reference frame.Figure 5.24 (a) PWM output voltage waveform, (b) the harmonic spectrum.

6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Battery equivalent electric circuit.Figure 6.2 Implantation of battery model in MATLAB/Simulink.Figure 6.3 Existing topologies: (a) Series connection, (b) parallel connection, ...Figure 6.4 First design having 5 switches per cell.Figure 6.5 A series-connected reconfigurable battery pack.Figure 6.6 A Self-X reconfigurable multi-cell battery pack.Figure 6.7 Schematic diagram of DESA.Figure 6.8 Genetic algorithm based topology.Figure 6.9 Graph based topology and paths as graph representation.Figure 6.10 4S configuration-based order of switching.Figure 6.11 4S to 4P configuration-based faults occurring switches.Figure 6.12 4P configuration-based order of switching.

7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 SLD of micro grid system.Figure 7.2 SLD of micro grid in ETAP.

8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 A sample of islanding microgrid design.Figure 8.2 Analyzing electrical component in positive, negative and zero sequenc...Figure 8.3 Symmetrical fault diagram.Figure 8.4 Three-Phase symmetrical fault sequence diagram.Figure 8.5 Single line-to-ground fault diagram.Figure 8.6 Single line-to-ground fault sequence diagram.Figure 8.7 Line to line fault diagram.Figure 8.8 Line-to-line fault sequence diagram.Figure 8.9 Double line-to-ground fault diagram.Figure 8.10 Double line-to-ground fault sequence components.Figure 8.11 IEC Standard Inverse (SI) operating curve.Figure 8.12 Directional characteristics for phase to ground fault.Figure 8.13 Directional characteristics for double line to ground fault.Figure 8.14 Typical distance protection quadrilateral operation settings.Figure 8.15 Distance protection logic.Figure 8.16 The quadrature distance protection test graph for phase to ground fa...Figure 8.17 Distance trip time test graph for phase to ground fault.Figure 8.18 The quadrature distance protection test graph for double line to gro...Figure 8.19 Distance trip time test graph for double line to ground fault.Figure 8.20 The distance accelerating scheme for OHTL between the microgrid and ...Figure 8.21 Programing the acceleration scheme by the numerical protection relay...

9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Block diagram of control strategy.Figure 9.2(a) Overview of simulated Microgrid.Figure 9.2(b) Architecture of single DG unit connected to a synchronous generato...Figure 9.3 Frequency response for sudden load variation with less low penetratio...Figure 9.4 Battery and supercapacitor power for sudden load change with less RES...Figure 9.5 Normalized S.O.C graphs.Figure 9.6 Governor response.Figure 9.7 Change in solar power.Figure 9.8 Frequency response for P.V. change.Figure 9.9 Governor response for P.V change.Figure 9.10 Normalized S.O.C graphs.Figure 9.11 Frequency response for sudden load variation with high penetration o...Figure 9.12 Battery and supercapacitor power for sudden load change with high RE...Figure 9.13 Normalized SOC of battery and supercapacitor.Figure 9.14 Governor response for sudden load change with high RES share.Figure 9.15 Solar power variation.Figure 9.16 Frequency response for PV.Figure 9.17 Governor response.Figure 9.18 Normalized S.O.C graphs.Figure 9.19 Fuel cell active power variation for deloading technique.

10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Schematic arrangement of Microgrid.Figure 10.2 Structure of a DC microgrid.Figure 10.3 Structure of AC microgrid.Figure 10.4 Structure of hybrid microgrid.Figure 10.5 33 bus microgrid.Figure 10.6 Radial line power flow.Figure 10.7 Voltage Profile before RES inclusion.Figure 10.8 Solar power generation.Figure 10.9 Wind power generation.Figure 10.10 Voltage Profile after RES inclusion.Figure 10.11 Voltage Profile comparison.Figure 10.12 Non-linear loads connected to DG’s.Figure 10.13 (a) Current waveform distortion level with linear load. (b) Distort...Figure 10.14 (a) Voltage waveform with non-linear load. (b) Distortion level of ...Figure 10.15 (a) Current waveform with non-linear load. (b) Distortion level of ...Figure 10.16 Microgrid connected with SAPF.Figure 10.17 Generation of gating pulse with Fuzzy-PI controller.Figure 10.18 GWO community ladder.Figure 10.19 Flowchart for updating search agent in GWO.Figure 10.20 (a) Current waveform with compensation. (b) Distortion level of cur...

11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 Structure of general Microgrid.Figure 11.2 Basic diagram of wind turbine.Figure 11.3 Flow chart representation of P&O technique.Figure 11.4 DC–DC converter MPPT controller.Figure 11.5 Single line diagram of UPQC.Figure 11.6 Structure of proposed PSO based UPQC Series control diagram.Figure 11.7 Control structure of the shunt inverter.Figure 11.8 Algorithm for PSO technique.Figure 11.9 Structure of Proposed Microgrid System with UPQC.Figure 11.9 Simulation result for active and reactive powers with PI based UPQC.Figure 11.10 Simulation result for Grid Voltage and Grid Current.Figure 11.11 Analysis of the (a) Voltage swell, (b) Injected voltage and (c) Out...Figure 11.12 Simulation result for active and reactive powers with PSO technique...Figure 11.13 Simulation result for Grid Voltage and Current due to change in loa...Figure 11.14 THD for Non-Linear Current without UPQC.Figure 11.15 THD for Non-Linear Current with UPQC PI controller.Figure 11.16 THD for Non-Linear Current with UPQC PSO controller.

12 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 Block diagram of SECS.Figure 12.2 Equivalent diagram of supply system having different loads.Figure 12.3 Phase-A (a) bus voltage with linear load, (b) bus voltage with non-l...Figure 12.4 Voltage spectrums with (a) linear load and (b) non-linear load and C...Figure 12.5 Equivalent diagram of capacitor bank attached in parallel with laggi...Figure 12.6 (a) Voltages and (b) currents with and without capacitor bank.Figure 12.7 Equivalent diagram of SEPQ.Figure 12.8 Flow chart for control of SECS in D-STATCOM mode.Figure 12.9 (a) SEPQ current for mode-1.Figure 12.10 (a) DC bus voltage, (b) active power of SEPQ, load and grid, and (c...Figure 12.11 (a) SEPQ current for mode-2.Figure 12.12 Grid current spectrum (a) without SEPQ and (b) with SEPQ.Figure 12.13 (a) DC bus voltage, (b) active power of SEPQ, load and grid, and (c...Figure 12.14 (a) SEPQ current for mode-3.Figure 12.15 Grid current spectrum (a) without SEPQ and (b) with SEPQ.Figure 12.16 (a) DC bus voltage, (b) active power of SEPQ, load and grid, and (c...

13 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 Schematic diagram of ShPF.Figure 13.2 Schematic diagram of SAF.Figure 13.3 Physical significance of instantaneous power in αβ0- frame.Figure 13.4 Basic control strategy of 3-Phase 3-Wire ShPF.Figure 13.5 Optimal Power Flow Provided by Shunt Current Compensation.Figure 13.6 Control block of sinusoidal current control strategy with 3-φ ShPF.Figure 13.7 Basic block diagram of 3-P-3-W Series Active Filter.Figure 13.8 Control circuitry of series active filter.Figure 13.9 System block diagram for shunt active filter.Figure 13.10 System block diagram for series active filter.Figure 13.11 Schematic diagram of a typical SOFC system.Figure 13.12 Basic structure of SOFC.Figure 13.13 (a) Source Voltage, (b) Source Current.Figure 13.14 Load End Parameters: (a) Load Voltage, (b) Load Current.Figure 13.15 Compensating waveforms of ShPF: (a) Shunt voltage, (b) Shunt curren...Figure 13.16 DC link voltage.Figure 13.17 FFT analysis of source current.Figure 13.18 Injected current by shunt compensator of a PV-grid system.Figure 13.19 PV-grid network: (a) Grid injected voltage (b) Grid injected curren...Figure 13.20 Harmonic analysis of grid injected current waveform.Figure 13.21 SOFC voltage.Figure 13.22 Load voltage with SOFC.Figure 13.23 Load current with SOFC.Figure 13.24 Grid injected voltage.Figure 13.25 Load voltage waveform.Figure 13.26 Series inverter injected voltage.Figure 13.27 Harmonic analysis of load voltage.Figure 13.28 Grid current waveform.Figure 13.29 THD of Grid current.Figure 13.30 Grid injected: (a) Source voltage, (b) Source current.Figure 13.31 PV inverter output: (a) Voltage (b) Current.Figure 13.32 (a) Load voltage (b) Load current.Figure 13.33 Inverter voltage output with SOFC and SAF.Figure 13.34 Inverter current output with SOFC and SAF.

14 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 (a) Fundamental and other harmonics of a sinusoidal waveform, (b) Co...Figure 14.2 Block diagram of fuzzy logic system.Figure 14.3 Single phase AC voltage controller circuit with resistive load.Figure 14.4 Block diagram of FTDDF module.Figure 14.5 Representation of input and output variables for FTDDF module.Figure 14.6 TDD and FTDDF values for sinusoidal condition (a) SC level 17.7, (b)...Figure 14.7 TDD and FTDDF values for nonsinusoidal condition (a) SC level 17.7, ...Figure 14.8 Block diagram of RQPF module.Figure 14.9 Representation of input and output variables for RQPF module.Figure 14.10 Circuit considered for demonstrating performance of FRQPF.Figure 14.11 FRQPF values for different loading cases (a) Sinusoidal voltage sou...Figure 14.12 Block diagram of the fuzzy power quality index evaluation module.Figure 14.13 Representation of THD and FPQI variables for FPQI module.Figure 14.14 Single-phase nonlinear load supplied from sinusoidal source.Figure 14.15 FPQI, FRQPF and FTDDF values (a) Sinusoidal case, (b) Nonsinusoidal...

15 Chapter 15Figure 15.1 The microgrid operational diagram.Figure 15.2 The operational modes of the microgrid.Figure 15.3 The block diagram of the smart micro grid.Figure 15.4 The IoT-based smart microgrid system.Figure 15.5 The Cloud computing application for IoT-based smart microgrid system...

16 Chapter 16Figure 16.1 Microgrid with hybrid AC/DC power sources and power electronic conve...Figure 16.2 Evolution of PQI devices.Figure 16.3 Two area LFC system with interconnected tie-line.Figure 16.4 Power control circuit of VSI fed DG unit of microgrid.Figure 16.5 Energy storage system in microgrid.Figure 16.6 Intelligent approaches in energy storage system in microgrid.Figure 16.7 Energy management with microgrid central controller.

17 Chapter 17Figure 17.1 Example of microgrid system [6].Figure 17.2 MPPT algorithm [1].Figure 17.3 Technical architecture for a green energy smart meter for solar powe...Figure 17.4 Flowchart of mathematical model.Figure 17.5 Green Energy Smart Meter circuit diagram.Figure 17.6 Energy over time.Figure 17.7 Power over time.Figure 17.8 Voltage over time.Figure 17.9 Current over time.Figure 17.10 Energy, power, voltage and current over time.

18 Chapter 18Figure 18.1 Microgrid communication systems.

19 Chapter 19Figure 19.1 Smart grid Environment.Figure 19.2 (a) Scatter plot of prosumers. (b) Scatter plot of generators.Figure 19.3 (a) Scatter plot of Prosumers. (b) Scatter plot of generators.Figure 19.4 (a) Scatter plot of prosumers. (b) Scatter plot of generators.Figure 19.5 (a) Plot of DMF for Np = 1,000, Ng = 7. (b) Cluster plot for optimal...Figure 19.6 (a) Plot of DMF for Np = 2,000, Ng = 23. (b) Cluster plot for optima...Figure 19.7 (a) Plot of DMF for Np = 4,000, Ng = 25. (b) Cluster plot for optima...Figure 19.8 Flowchart.Figure 19.9 IEEE 33 Bus System [20].Figure 19.10 (a) Voltage Profile at each bus. (b) Active power loss plot.