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Apart from chemical applications, already today, CO₂ is used directly in enhanced oil recovery (EOR), beverage carbonation, food processing (e.g. coffee decaffeination and drinking water abstraction), welding, as a cleaning agent for textiles, and as a solvent in the electronics industry [5]. These approaches are commercially viable. In particular, 70–80 Mton of CO₂ is consumed for EOR in the oil sector. Although such direct utilization of CO₂ addresses a significant amount of CO₂ emissions, these topics are beyond the scope of this book.

Figure 1.1 Atmospheric CO₂ concentration at Mauna Loa Observatory.

Source: Data from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Global Monitoring Laboratory [2].

Figure 1.2 IEA 2 °C Scenario (2DS) in Energy Technology Perspectives 2017.

Source: Data from Market‐driven future potential of Bio‐CC(U)S [3].