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Ovariohysterectomy is the standard sterilization surgery for bitches and queens in the US. Removing the uterus prevents uterine pathology [18]. However, uterine tumors are infrequent. Most that occur are benign and surgery is curative [18].

Ovariectomy has replaced OVH in the Netherlands and much of Europe. Because OVE spares the uterus, the procedure is associated with smaller incisions. OVE may also be performed as a minimally invasive technique using laparoscopy [19].