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Other large public insurance programs are associated with American Indian and Alaska Native heritage, and the Military Services, that is, veteran's health and insurance for active military personnel and their families. The IHS, under the U.S. DHSS, provides health services to American Indians and Alaska natives enrolled in more than 500 tribes, villages, and pueblos (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2010). The Indian Self‐Determination Act of 1975 gave many tribal organizations the responsibility for the provision of health care services. IHS maintains some hospitals and clinics, yet recent legislation has severely cut funding for these sites of care.

The Department of Defense (DOD) finances and manages TRICARE, the triple option benefit care plan available for military families, formerly called the Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Uniformed Services (CHAMPUS), for enlisted military personnel and their military dependents as well as for retirees and their dependents and survivors. The Department of Veterans Affairs, established in 1921, finances and manages the Veterans Health Administration (VHA). This program is available for U.S. veterans if they need any medical, prescription, surgical, and rehabilitation care services.