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To the extent that the United States is similar economically and socio‐politically to countries such as France, Canada, and Japan, an examination of the health systems in those countries is useful. The differences in health care spending in the United States as compared to other countries as a percent of GDP are graphically displayed in Figure 2.7 (Table 2.3).

FIGURE 2.7 International health care spending per capita by source of funding. Tikkanen, 2018.

Source: Tikkanen, R. (2018). Multinational Comparisons of Health Systems Data, 2018. Retrieved October 6, 2019, from https://www.commonwealthfund.org/sites/default/files/2018‐12/Multinational Comparisons of Health Systems Data 2018_RTikkanen_final.pdf.. (Commonwealth, 2017)

Table 2.3 HIPAA Privacy Regulations

Allows patient to review and request amendments to their medical recordsGives consumers control over how their personal health information is used and limits the release of information without a patient's consentRestricts the amount of patient information shared between physicians and other caregivers to the minimum necessaryRequires privacy‐conscious business practices, such as hiring a privacy officer and training employees about patient confidentialityRequires that paper records and oral communications be protected from privacy breaches.

Source: Compiled with information from U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. (1996). Summary of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Privacy Rule, available at www.hhs.gov/ocr/privacy

The UK is rated as number one (and spends 9.6% of its GDP on health care), followed respectively by Australia (10.3%), the Netherlands (10.1%), New Zealand (9.0%), Norway (10.4%), Sweden (10.9%), Switzerland (12.3%), Germany (11.3%), Canada (10.4%), France (11.3%), and trailing at 11th with 17.2% of the GDP spent on health care, the United States Papanicolas (2018). The U.S. ranks last overall on health care outcomes. Compared to other countries, the U.S. comes in last on infant mortality, life expectancy at age 60, and deaths that were potentially preventable with timely access to effective health care Papanicolas (2018).