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The field of MIT coupling has been dominated by fluid theory for many years, but as computer power has increased, ideas based on kinetic theory have been developed. Wave power is often ignored as a source of high‐latitude energy, but observations have shown that Alfvén waves, commonly present in the interplanetary medium, can contribute to the total energy available (Tsurutani et al., 1990, 1995; Chaston et al., 2005; Streltsov & Lotko, 2003; Verkhoglyadova et al., 2018). Kinetic transport of super‐thermal electrons (Khazanov et al., 2014, and references therein) show significant energy deposition related to magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling processes. Evidence of ULF waves reaching ground observatories at polar latitudes has been reported for some time (Wolfe et al., 1996; Papitashvili et al., 1996). Connection from the southern pole to the magnetosphere is still debated (Urban et al., 2016). Inclusion of kinetic processes within MHD or GCM codes is still in its infancy, although initial results are intriguing (Chen et al., 2017; Tóth et al., 2017). Many of these ideas have yet to be included in models of IT energy input and compared with observations.