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Disease surveillance is an integral component of managing and minimizing disease in public health and preventive medicine programs for livestock (Anderson 1982; Horstmann 1974; King 1985; Langmuir 1963). William Farr is credited with formalizing the principles of human disease surveillance beginning in the mid‐1800s in England. In the 1950s (during the height of polio outbreaks) in the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) began formal surveillance programs for human communicable diseases (Langmuir 1963). It was not until the mid‐1980s that the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) took the lead in developing a national surveillance program for diseases of U.S. livestock species (King 1985).

Routine disease surveillance requires quantification of disease frequency, descriptions of disease distribution among subgroups of animals, analysis and interpretation of data. Formally, disease surveillance is defined as (i) the ongoing systematic collection, orderly consolidation, analysis and interpretation of health‐related data in populations, and (ii) the prompt dissemination of this information to the people who are in a position to act on that data (Nelson and Williams 2007). Disease surveillance plans can include non‐infectious disease, but this chapter will focus on infectious disease.