Читать книгу Handbook of Clinical Gender Medicine - Группа авторов - Страница 67

In 46, XY patients, hypospadiac penis and micropenis are the two main presentations of the undervirilized male. Hypospadias is a result of a development halt of the ventral aspect of the GT during the first term of gestation. A micropenis is a small fully formed GT. Both anomalies are classified as DSD which encompass all congenital genital anomalies and their potential cerebral imprinting. Several epidemiological studies have shown a trend of increased incidence of GT anomalies. Hypospadias incidence is in the vicinity of 1 in 250 male births, with marked variations between countries. The incidence of micropenis is unknown. Causes of hypospadias are essentially unknown and most likely multiple. Four main avenues currently explain faulty development of the GT: (1) genes, gonads, hormonal production, and target tissues; (2) placental hormonal machinery, especially during early gestation; (3) the mother (main biological supervisor), and (4) the maternal environment during gestation [8].