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The Environment

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Any environmental hormonal disruptors or promoters during pregnancy [17], or even perhaps before, may affect GT development [18, 19]. It is speculated that chemicals such as xenoestrogens (fertilizers, polystyrenes, etc.), estrogen-like molecules, and environmental antiandrogens may have a role in the increasing frequency of these anomalies as well as in the increasing number of undescended testes, testicular cancer, and sperm count deterioration [20, 21].

Handbook of Clinical Gender Medicine

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