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Handbook of Clinical Gender Medicine
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Страница 1
Страница 2
Handbook of
Clinical Gender
Medicine
Страница 4
Страница 5
Contents
Foreword
Preface
Страница 9
Страница 10
Social and Biological Determinants in Health and Disease
Страница 12
Gender Effects on Health and Healthcare
Abstract
Defining Terms and Measurement
The Research Void
Healthcare Utilization
The Morbidity and Mortality Paradox
Morbidity in Lesbian, Bisexual, Gay, Transgender, and Intersex Populations
Aging
Allocation of Resources, Empowerment, and Equity
The Final Word
References
Страница 24
A Global War against Baby Girls: Sex-Selective Abortion Becomes a Worldwide Practice
Abstract
Initial Signal in China
Parity-Specific Imbalance
Drivers of Imbalance
India’s Imbalance
Caucasus Region Imbalance
Other Countries and Subpopulations
The Demographic Effect
Social Implications
Considerations Moving Forward
Acknowledgement
Footnotes:
References
Страница 39
Fetal Programming
Abstract
What Is Fetal Programming?
Hormonal and Genetic Aspects of Fetal Sex Determination
Exogenous Effects on the Intrauterine Environment
Effects of Intrauterine Testosterone
The Sexual Dimorphous Brain – Organizational and Activational Effects of Sex Hormones
Intrauterine Exposure to Sex Steroids and Physical, Cognitive, and Behavioral Outcomes
Maternal and Fetal Nutrition and Programming of Adult Disease
The Impact of Maternal Prenatal Stress on the Developing Embryo and Fetus
The Pregnant Woman as an Information Source for the Growing Fetus
Intrauterine Environment and IQ
Intrauterine Environment and Its Influence on Subsequent Sexuality
Fetal Programming as a‘Species Survival’Strategy
The Fetus Affects Its Environment - Lessons Learned from Unlike Twin Pairs
Some Obstetrics Implications of Fetal Programming
References
Страница 57
Ambiguous Genitalia
Abstract
Sex Determination Chromosomes, Embryology, Hormones, and Receptors
Reproductive Ducts Mesonephric and Paramesonephric Ducts
Development of the External Genitalia
Molecular Biology
Classification of Ambiguous Genitalia Chromosomal Disorders
Overvirilized Females Fetal Sources and Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Maternal or Exogenous Sources of Androgens
Undervirilized Males
Genetic Causes
Hormonal Failures
Placental Dysfunction
The Mother
The Environment
Anatomical Aspects of the Insufficiently Developed Genital Tubercle
Sexual Identities
Decision Tools
Hormonal Treatments
Masculinization Surgery
Feminization Surgery
The Gonads
Uterine Remnants
Results of Surgery
Outcome of Micropenis
Outcome of Phalloplasty
References
Central Nervous System and Clinical Applications
Страница 86
Chronic Stress and Allostatic Load
Abstract
The Measurement of Stress
Clinical Aspects Neurological Regulation and Allostatic Load
Life Cycle Model of Stress
Pathogenesis Temporal Cascade of Allostatic Load Mediators
Allostatic Load Index
Clinical Allostatic Load Index Formula
Summary of Allostatic Load Research Findings
Epidemiology Age and Sex Differences
Gender Differences
Evolution of Sex and Gender Differences in Stress
Treatment
Fostering Resilience
Pharmacotherapy
Future Directions
References
Страница 104
Autism
Abstract
Epidemiology
Prevalence
Pathogenesis The Extreme Male Brain Theory of Autism Spectrum Conditions
Testosterone and Autism Spectrum Conditions
The X Chromosome and Autism Spectrum Conditions
The Y Chromosome and Autism Spectrum Conditions
Outstanding Issues: Alternative Biological Mechanisms Resulting in Biased Sex Ratios
Parental Manipulation of the Sex Ratio
The Immunoreactive Theory of Selective Male Affliction
Müllerian Inhibiting Substance
Outstanding Issues: Sex Differences in Symptomatology
References
Страница 119
Depression
Abstract
Epidemiology
Treatment
Pathogenesis Physiological Dimorphisms
Psychosocial Factors
Genetics
Gonadal Steroids
Integrated Model of Depression
References
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