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¹ The ‘blue’ stems from the photochemical reaction leading to Prussian blue that is used in the cyanotype process which was developed by photographer and astronomer Sir John Herschel in 1842. For a century, blueprint was the only available low-cost process for copying drawings [11].

² Elsewhere [18], I have argued that a phenotypic ‘program’ cannot consistently be said to be a program, because the term program is based on the distinction between prescription and realization.

³ See our collection [31].

⁴ Another line of critique against the genetic program view would be that it naturalizes its metaphor. The assumption is that programs are not just our ‘way of understanding’ but that genes ‘really are’ programs, i.e. that they ‘work as’ programs.

⁵ Thanks to Lorraine Cowley, herself a genetic counselor, now social researcher in genetics, who brought to my attention that the usual language in genetic counseling sessions in Britain includes ‘genetic fault’ for mutations and ‘instruction book’ for the genome.

⁶ ‘What critics want to dispatch as ‘just a heap of cells’ in fact carries the whole genetic program for the development of a human being, from its very beginning as a fertilized egg cell. The program is integrally present, in its necessary and sufficient form’.

⁷ Implications for morally interpreting the role of the embryo donor in stem cell research are pointed out by Scully and Rehmann-Sutter [36].