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Atopic diseases and related health costs have dramatically increased in the last decades, and identification of the optimal approach for both prevention and treatment of allergy represents an important health priority.

Prevention of allergy and/or atopic disease is complex because different pre- and postnatal factors interfere with its expression, and are difficult to be fully identified and controlled. For the treatment of food allergies, guidelines recommend elimination of the culprit food allergen(s) [1-3] and, in cow’s milk (CM) allergy (CMA), the choice of an extensively hydrolyzed formula (eHF; with still small protein peptides) or an amino-acid-based formula is determined by the severity of the allergic manifestations, adverse reactions, acceptance, costs and availability of the formula. Whether a small amount of tolerated proteins in the diet facilitate acquisition of tolerance is still a matter of research. A recent study has shown that early introduction of peanuts modulated specific immune responses and significantly decreased the frequency of the development of peanut allergy among high-risk children [4].