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The area I shall focus on here is the use of the preterm infant as a model. Whilst accepting that the spectrum of diseases and the sensitivity to early nutrition is somewhat different in preterm and term infants, neonatal care is an area where it has been ethically possible to conduct numerous strictly randomized trials of EHM feeding versus exposure to CM. My argument is that if a wide range of important outcomes in preterm human infants are favorably impacted by HM feeding, this would indicate that the weaker observational data on the benefits of breastfeeding in full-term infants are more likely to be causal – especially when the same outcomes (e.g., infection, allergy, cardiovascular risk, or cognitive development) can be studied in both the preterm and term populations.