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18Moore AM, Campbell RE: Polycystic ovary syndrome: understanding the role of the brain. Front Neuroendocrinol 2017;46:1–14.

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22Abbott DH, Barnett DK, Levine JE, Padmanabhan V, Dumesic DA, Jacoris S, Tarantal AF: Endocrine antecedents of polycystic ovary syndrome in fetal and infant prenatally androgenized female rhesus monkeys. Biol Reprod 2008;79:154–163.

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24Palomba S, Marotta R, Di Cello A, Russo T, Falbo A, Orio F, Tolino A, Zullo F, Esposito R, La Sala GB: Pervasive developmental disorders in children of hyperandrogenic women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a longitudinal case-control study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2012;77:898–904.

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26Cesta CE, Månsson M, Palm C, Lichtenstein P, Iliadou AN, Landén M: Polycystic ovary syndrome and psychiatric disorders: co-morbidity and heritability in a nationwide Swedish cohort. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016;73:196–203.

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35Barrett ES, Hoeger KM, Sathyanarayana S, Abbott DH, Redmon JB, Nguyen RHN, Swan SH: Anogenital distance in newborn daughters of women with polycystic ovary syndrome indicates fetal testosterone exposure. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2018;9:307–314.

36Abbott AD, Colman RJ, Tiefenthaler R, Dumesic DA, Abbott DH: Early-to-mid gestation fetal testosterone increases right hand 2D:4D finger length ratio in polycystic ovary syndrome-like monkeys. PLoS One 2012;7:e42372.

37Sánchez-Ferrer ML, Mendiola J, Hernández-Peñalver AI, Corbalán-Biyang S, Carmona-Barnosi A, Prieto-Sánchez MT, Nieto A, Torres-Cantero AM: Presence of polycystic ovary syndrome is associated with longer anogenital distance in adult Mediterranean women. Hum Reprod 2017;32:2315–2323.

38Wu Y, Zhong G, Chen S, Zheng C, Liao D, Xie M: Polycystic ovary syndrome I associated with anogenital distance, a marker of prenatal androgen exposure. Hum Reprod 2017;32:937–943.

39Lujan ME, Bloski TG, Chizen DR, Lehotay DC, Pierson RA: Digit ratios do not serve as anatomical evidence of prenatal androgen exposure in clinical phenotypes of polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod 2010;25:204–211.

40Torchen LC, Idkowiak J, Fogel NR, O’Neil DM, Shackleton CH, Arlt W, Dunaif A: Evidence for increased 5α-reductase activity during early childhood in daughters of women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016;101:2069–2075.

41Barry JA, Kay AR, Navaratnarajah R, Iqbal S, Bamfo JE, David AL, Hines M, Hardiman PJ: Umbilical vein testosterone in female infants born to mothers with polycystic ovary syndrome is elevated to male levels. J Obstet Gynaecol 2010;30:444–446.

42Daan NM, Koster MP, Steegers-Theunissen RP, Eijkemans MJ, Fauser BC: Endocrine and cardiometabolic cord blood characteristics of offspring born to mothers with and without polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril. 2017;107:261–268.e3.

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44Anderson H, Fogel N, Grebe SK, Singh RJ, Taylor RL, Dunaif A: Infants of women with polycystic ovary syndrome have lower cord blood androstenedione and estradiol levels. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010;95:2180–2186.

45Hollier LP, Keelan JA, Hickey M, Maybery MT, Whitehouse AJ: Measurement of androgen and estrogen concentrations in cord blood: accuracy, biological interpretation, and applications to understanding human behavioral development. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014;5:64.

46McAllister JM, Legro RS, Modi BP, Strauss JF 3rd: Functional genomics of PCOS: from GWAS to molecular mechanisms. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2015;26:118–124.

47Dunaif A: Perspectives in polycystic ovary syndrome: from hair to eternity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016;101:759–768.

48Pau CT, Mosbruger T, Saxena R, Welt CK: Phenotype and tissue expression as a function of genetic risk in polycystic ovary syndrome. PLoS One 2017;12:e0168870.

49Gorsic LK, Kosova G, Werstein B, Sisk R, Legro RS, Hayes MG, Teixeira JM, Dunaif A, Urbanek M: Pathogenic anti-Müllerian hormone variants in polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017;102:2862–2872.

50Vink JM, Sadrzadeh S, Lambalk CB, Boomsma DI: Heritability of polycystic ovary syndrome in a Dutch twin-family study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006;91:2100–2104.

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53Li S, Zhu D, Duan H, Tan Q: The epigenomics of polycystic ovarian syndrome: from pathogenesis to clinical manifestations. Gynecol Endocrinol 2016;32:942–946.

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55Wang P, Zhao H, Li T, Zhang W, Wu K, Li M, Bian Y, Liu H, Ning Y, Li G, Chen ZJ: Hypomethylation of the LH/choriogonadotropin receptor promoter region is a potential mechanism underlying susceptibility to polycystic ovary syndrome. Endocrinology 2014;155:1445–1452.

56Jones MR, Brower MA, Xu N, Cui J, Mengesha E, Chen YD, Taylor KD, Azziz R, Goodarzi MO: Systems genetics reveals the functional context of PCOS loci and identifies genetic and molecular mechanisms of disease heterogeneity. PLoS Genet 2015;11:e1005455.

57Song J, Luo S, Li SW: miRNA-592 is downregulated and may target LHCGR in polycystic ovary syndrome patients. Reprod Biol 2015;15:229–237.

58Wang XX, Wei JZ, Jiao J, Jiang SY, Yu DH, Li D: Genome-wide DNA methylation and gene expression patterns provide insight into polycystic ovary syndrome development. Oncotarget 2014;5:6603–6610.

59Yu YY, Sun CX, Liu YK, Li Y, Wang L, Zhang W: Genome-wide screen of ovary-specific DNA methylation in polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 2015;104:145–53.e6.

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63Nicol LE, O’Brien TD, Dumesic DA, Grogan T, Tarantal AF, Abbott DH: Abnormal infant islet morphology precedes insulin resistance in PCOS-like monkeys. PLoS One 2014;9:e106527.

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68Daniels TL, Berga SL: Resistance of gonadotropin releasing hormone drive to sex steroid-induced suppression in hyperandrogenic anovulation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:4179–4183.

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72Dumesic DA, Patankar MS, Barnett DK, Lesnick TG, Hutcherson BA, Abbott DH: Early prenatal androgenization results in diminished ovarian reserve in adult female rhesus monkeys. Hum Reprod 2009;24:3188–3195.

73Ahmad AK, Kao CN, Quinn M, Lenhart N, Rosen M, Cedars MI, Huddleston H: Differential rate in decline in ovarian reserve markers in women with polycystic ovary syndrome compared with control subjects: results of a longitudinal study. Fertil Steril 2018;109:526–531.

74Keller E, Chazenbalk GD, Aguilera P, Madrigal V, Grogan T, Elashoff D, Dumesic DA, Abbott DH: Impaired preadipocyte differentiation into adipocytes in subcutaneous abdominal adipose of PCOS-like female rhesus monkeys. Endocrinology 2014;155:2696–2703.

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David H. Abbott, PhD

Department of Ob/Gyn and Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin

1223 Capitol Court

Madison, WI 53711 (USA)

E-Mail abbott@primate.wisc.edu