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Given that T acts through the AR, its expression and function could also play a role. In female and male rats, AR and oestrogen receptor (ERα and ERβ) densities vary according to the type of adipose tissue rather than the sex, with VAT showing higher AR density than SAT. Moreover, in vitro studies in mouse-derived cell models (3T3-L1), oestrogens seem to raise both AR and ERα, highlighting the fact that oestrogens can positively modulate both androgens and oestrogens action on adipose tissue; glucocorticoids stimulate the AR expression, even though they inhibit the androgen effects by means of inducing the inactivation of DHT to 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol (AD) especially in VAT in both sexes [40, 41].

The first exon of AR is involved in the transactivation of the receptor and is characterized by a polymorphism: a higher number of CAG repeats is associated with lower transcriptional activity [42]. In adolescent males, low and intermediate CAG repeats is associated with higher VAT; in adult men, it negatively correlates with muscle mass but not with VAT [43]. Unfortunately, results on this topic are still conflicting, as other studies found no correlation between AR polymorphism and body composition [44–46].