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The prevailing gold standard handover structure, Situation, Background, Assessment, Recommendation (SBAR), was originally developed and effectively used by the US Navy.

The SBAR Communication Technique:

 Situation: What is the situation; why are you calling the physician?

 Background: What is the background information?

 Assessment: What is your assessment of the problem?

 Recommendation: How should the problem be corrected?

In a healthcare setting, the SBAR protocol is used as a framework for structuring conversations between healthcare professionals with the intent of improving communication in various care situations.

The SBAR is a reliable and validated communication tool and has been implemented in a hospital‐based practice for sharing information among healthcare providers. For the tool to be used effectively, it does however require training (initial and ongoing) for all clinical staff to ensure that communication is well understood. There is a lack of high‐quality research on this widely used communication tool, and continued research is necessary to demonstrate the efficacy of applying SBAR in care areas.

Table 7.1 The elements of a complete handover.

SBAR ELEMENT	ACTIONS	EXAMPLE
Situation	Firstly identify yourself, your role and your location. Confirm the identity of the person you are handing over to. Explain the reason for your phone call and the immediate situation.	‘My name is Renu Gupta; I’m a nursing associate on Ward 1. I’m calling about a patient who is experiencing chest pain currently’.
Background	State who the patient is, their age and other relevant identity information. Describe the reasons for their admission, the current medical and treatment plans, relevant past medical history, relevant medications, allergies, if relevant, and any other medical or nursing information that you consider important.	‘I’m calling about Jane Doe, aged 85. She was admitted with chest pain two days ago and was diagnosed as having a non‐ST elevation myocardial infarction in the emergency department with a raised troponin test, and she is currently awaiting an inpatient angiogram. She has hypertension and angina’.
Assessment	Give the findings of your assessment of the patient. You may find it helpful to use the ABCDE structure (see Red Flag, p. 55). Include observations which are abnormal or trends that are concerning and give the overall NEWS score afterward describing the observations. Do not forget to give non‐numerical information such as the how the patient looks, how they feel and what they feel like to touch and other senses.	The chest pain started 10 minutes ago; she describes it as a crushing pain radiating to the left arm. She appears pale, and her skin is clammy. She is tachypnoeic with a respiration rate of 28, tachycardic with a heart rate of 112 and has a weak palpable radial pulse. She is hypotensive with a blood pressure of 92/56. Her total NEWS score is 7. We have performed a 12‐lead electrocardiogram (ECG) which needs assessment.
Recommendation	This is where you explain your desired outcome and in many escalation situations will be focused on asking the other healthcare professional to attend and assess your patient, but you may have other requests in other situations that SBAR is useful for. Set boundaries and expectations to be met. Be courteous.	I would like you to come and assess this deteriorating patient immediately please.