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 Water availability: The water resources of India have a large gap between potential and availability. The potential of water resources has been estimated at 1869 BCM and annual precipitation is 4000 BCM. Out of a total potential 1869 BCM, India uses 1123 BCM of water. The topographical and large temporal variability and regional mismatch between water availability and demands are the major reasons for the difference between potential and availability (Jain 2019).

 Flood management: The large variability of rainfall in space and time in India causes flooding in different parts of the country. Indian rivers carry more than 70% of their annual flow in four months during the monsoon period. There is an essential need to conserve flood water and flows for the growing demands of water in the country. Flood management can also play a key role in groundwater recharge and drought management. Nearly 500 BCM of water has been estimated through flood flows in Indian rivers (Jain 2019). In the current scenario, the management of storage flood water is not sufficient. The management of storage flood water can be used to meet growing demands throughout the year. It will also help in water‐related disasters like floods and droughts.Table 1.5 International reports on current and future demands of water of India.Source: IDSA (2010).World Bank Report 1999YearExpected demandYearPer capita water availability1997552 BCM19475000 m3 per year20251050 BCM19972000 m3 per year20251500 m3 per yearThe Mckinsey Report 20092009740 billion m320301.5 trillion m3

 Water transfer between water enriched and water‐stressed regions: India has large temporal and geographical variability about water availability. The transfer of water between water surplus regions to deficit regions could be a very effective approach in meeting the demand of the entire country.

 Recycle and reuse: In the current scenario, less of the urban water supply is recycled and reused, and a large quantity of water is wasted. Around 40% of the water in some cities in India is wasted due to leakage or theft. For instance, the Arab states treat 55% of wastewater, and 15% is reused, which is used in farm irrigation, environmental protection, and industrial cooling (Jain 2019).

 Impact of climate change: Warming of the lower atmosphere affects rainfall, snowfall, and glaciers, and raises sea levels, which all interfere with the quantity of water resources. Rising sea levels increase flooding in coastal areas and the intrusion of seawater alters water quality in rivers, lakes, and groundwater.

 Maintain water quality of resources and provide safe drinking water for rural areas.

 Hydro‐diplomacy with neighboring countries to solve water conflicts.