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First, secondary data including toposheets from the Survey of India (SOI), Patna branch, population data of 2001 and 2011 from the census report, the Government of India website, and rainfall and temperature data from the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts were collected for this area.

The LULC change dynamics were estimated by using Landsat imageries and geographic information system (GIS) software. The samples of water and soil/sediments were collected from 14 different locations (Figure 2.4). The samples of aquatic species of flora and fauna, and the cultivated vegetation species, especially crops, were also collected and estimated for the general parameters and the content of specific contaminants, i.e. heavy metals, by following APHA procedures (APHA 2005). Further, the water quality index (WQI) and the health risk index (HRI) was calculated by adopting standard procedures. For WQI, the modified weighted arithmetic mean procedures were used (Shah and Joshi 2017; Singh et al. 2020). The HRI was calculated by using the formula given by Khan et al. (2010).

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Further, with the help of toposheets, ten villages were identified in close vicinity of the wetland, which were also documented in the Gazette of Bihar, while this wetland was declared as a wildlife sanctuary. These villages are Manjhaul, Jaimangalpur, Jaimangalgarh, Ekamba, Parora, Narayanpiper, Sakra, Rajaur, Kanausi, and Manikpur. A rapid survey was conducted among these villages from June 2013 to August 2013 to understand the overall wetland resource use pattern and its dynamics, to identify different resource user groups (RUGs) and their dependency and socio‐economic status, and the attitude for the conservation of this wetland. The objective‐oriented questionnaire was prepared after the rapid survey, with a total of 47 key questions, which were open‐ended (with options), closed‐ended (yes/no), and suggestive types. Later, an intensive survey was conducted through a specific questionnaire among the identified RUGs in these villages from July 2015 to July 2017. A total of 147 households were interviewed to gather information on various aspects. In addition, the local representatives of government agencies, leaders, social workers, and regular visitors were also interviewed.