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In Bihar, the total estimated area of wetlands is 403 209 ha (NWIA 2011), which is approximately 2.64% of the total wetland area of India. Wetlands in Bihar are locally called Chaur, Maun, Taal, Jheel, and Pats. The natural inland wetlands dominate in Bihar, which comprises about 92% of the total estimated area of the wetlands of Bihar, while the artificial area accounts for 3.5% and the small wetlands area of 1–2.5 ha accounts for 4.5% (NWIA 2011).

As Bihar is a land‐locked state from all sides in the Gangetic flood plain, limited categories of wetlands exist here (Figure 2.2). The district‐wise wetland area in Bihar is shown in Figure 2.3 (NWIA 2011).

The major rivers which contribute to different wetlands in Bihar are Ganga, Kosi, Gandak, Bagmati, Mahananda, and Kamla‐Balan (Ghosh et al. 2004). The three important wetlands of Bihar, i.e. Kanwar, Barilla, and Kusheshwar Asthan were included in the list of NWCP (2009).

Figure 2.1 A map showing different types of wetlands in India.

(Source: National Wetland Atlas 2011, Space Application Centre, Indian Space Research Organization.)

Table 2.1 Category wise distribution of wetlands in India.

Source: National Wetland Atlas (2011), Space Application Centre (ISRO), Ahmedabad.

S. no	Wetland category	Total wetland area (ha)	Wetland area (%)
1	Lake/pond	729 532	4.78
2	Oxbow lake	104 124	0.68
3	High altitude wetland	124 253	0.81
4	Riverine wetland	91 682	0.6
5	Waterlogged (natural)	315 091	2.06
6	River/stream	5 258 385	34.46
7	Reservoir/barrage	2 481 987	16.26
8	Tank/pond	1 310 443	8.59
9	Waterlogged (artificial)	135 704	0.89
10	Salt pan (inland)	13 698	0.09
11	Lagoon	246 044	1.61
12	Creek	206 698	1.35
13	Sand/beach	63 033	0.41
14	Intertidal mudflat	2 413 642	15.82
15	Salt Marsh	161 144	1.06
16	Mangrove	471 407	3.09
17	Coral reef	142 003	0.93
18	Salt pan (coastal)	148 913	0.98
19	Aquaculture pond	287 232	1.88
20	Wetlands (<2.25 ha)	555 557	3.64
	Total	15 260 572	100

Figure 2.2 Percentage of wetlands area under different categories in Bihar.