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Non‐pharmacologic summary

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Overall, it is clear that the studies on non‐pharmacologic treatment modalities for NCCP are relatively weak and exceptionally varied. Attempting to integrate this information, a 2015 Cochrane review on psychological interventions for nonspecific cardiac chest pain found 17 trials, including a total of 1006 patients [117]. Results from this systematic review suggested that there may be a modest to moderate benefit for psychological interventions, in particular those using CBT, but this benefit was restricted to the first three months after intervention [117]. Additionally, all studies included had a high risk of performance bias, as well as high heterogeneity among studies and wide variability in secondary outcomes, all of which largely limit the interpretation of these outcomes [117].

The Esophagus

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