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Sperm heads that are clearly smaller or larger than others are called microcephalic or macrocephalic (Figure 9.13), respectively. Representing a mistake made during spermatogenesis, they are believed to contain either too little or too much nuclear chromatin. These sperm are not believed to be capable of fertilization themselves, but when they are present in a spermiogram they account for no more than 2–5% of the differential and are probably compensable.

Figure 9.13 Macrocephalic sperm with double tail (center).