Читать книгу Liquid Biofuels - Группа авторов - Страница 38

The increasing world population, industrialization and overuse of fossil resources have changed the way governments look at renewable energy sources as the environmental problems have become a global problem, moving away from the regional and national dimension over time. Countries that do not want to be dependent on external energy and have problems in energy supply are trying to increase and diversify their alternative energy sources due to increasing environmental problems due to fossil resources. New and renewable energy sources, which are an important opportunity especially for countries that are dependent on external energy, have become an important driving factor in the development of countries, together with captured cost advantages. With the positive developments in alternative energy sources in the world, biomass energy is one of the renewable energy sources that has been evaluated and increased in importance in this context recently. Biomass will be of potential importance in terms of providing a sustainable and cost-effective energy source in the future. It is reported that 90% of the world’s population will live in developing countries by 2050. In developed countries, the use of modern technologies and efficient bio-energy conversions using bio-fuels that are economically competitive with fossil fuels tends to increase.

In order to make maximum use of the world’s bioethanol facilities to provide energy needs, support must be given to producers of bioethanol raw materials. Especially in the field of bioethanol production from agricultural wastes, the farmers should be provided with facilities and technological and logistical support should be provided for the collection and transportation of cellulosic wastes to bioethanol plants. Efforts should be made to develop engineering services that will increase productivity in biofuel production and to reduce the costs associated with these services. Processes aiming at high efficiency at low cost should be developed and these processes should be facilitated. In order to produce the targeted biofuel production and the energy obtained from these biofuels, it is important to facilitate the results in bureaucratic processes. Biofuels obtained from biomass are seen as an alternative source of energy for the purpose of solving energy, environmental and climate problems. However, biofuel production is closely related not only to energy and environmental policies, but also to agricultural and rural development policies due to the processing of soil for production purposes. In the transition to energy agriculture, the use of agricultural products as energy raw materials together with the production of these products and the resources to be allocated to these products will affect all of society in general socioeconomic terms and especially individuals living in rural areas.

When we examine the production costs of biofuels, we see that energy agriculture is supported at high levels today and biofuel production is very costly with existing technologies. Estimates state that by 2050 energy plants could be produced at the level of today’s most costly coals. Ethanol produced today is diagnosed as a transitional technology product. The long-term goal is to produce direct fuel from biomass by establishing advanced biorafineries. These refineries will produce more efficiently using all parts of the biomass. But an important question is, “When will the production of biofuels be increased to larger industrial scales?” In addition, research and development activities on the subject will determine the future of technology. It is expected that cellulosic biomass technology will be used extensively for ethanol production in the coming years as an environmental positive effect cellulosic biofuel will be produced with perennial herbs and trees that will prevent erosion. Thanks to these new plants and trees, monoculture will also be eliminated from agriculture. In order to produce cellulosic ethanol, especially large-scale plants in the world are under construction, but the development of the technology requires 7-10 years more.

While examining the advantages and disadvantages of biofuels, it is important to note that many policies have been intertwined. Energy, environment, agriculture and rural development are linked to the policies to be created for the production and use of fuel from renewable sources. It is possible that biofuels are an alternative solution to energy, rural development and environmental problems.