Читать книгу Developmental Psychopathology - Группа авторов - Страница 36

The next principle of developmental psychopathology is that research should examine multiple levels of analyses to include biological, individual, familial, social, and cultural levels. Developmental psychopathologists have learned that to answer their overarching questions about processes of psychopathology and development, they need to incorporate scientists from different fields and use different levels and methods of analysis. Key models that have influenced the multilevel principle include Bronfenbrenner’s (1979) ecological model, Sameroff’s (1989) model of gene and environment interactions, and Gottlieb, Wahlsten, and Lickliter’s (2007) model of four levels (environment, behavior, neural activity, genetics) and how these levels influence one another. The takeaway from these different models is that we should study processes and systems at multiple levels and how they interact across levels to better understand psychopathology and the risk for disorders.

FIGURE 2.2 A. Multifinality: Similar Early Experiences Lead to Different Outcomes. B. Equifinality: Different Early Experiences Lead to a Similar Outcome.

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FIGURE 2.3 Multiple Levels of Analyses

Figure 2.3 shows commonly studied levels of analyses in developmental psychopathology studies. As discussed above, pathways to psychopathology can vary, so it is important to consider contextual factors. There are factors or levels that we can study across individuals (e.g., high and low socioeconomic status) or within individuals (e.g., temperament, genetics, brain activity). Developmental psychopathology brings together these micro and macro levels to study how the individual functions in their larger context.